১.
Chronic non lethal irritation results in
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
মোট প্রশ্ন৪০
সিলেবাস
Pathology-01 -
a. Cell biology general concept.
b. Inflammation, Degeneration, Necrosis and gangrene.
c. Sterilization and disinfection.
d. Disorder of growth: Tumors including cancers.
e. Radiation, Hazards and prevention.
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ৪০ প্রশ্ন
২.
The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells that result in an increase in the size of the affected organ.
• The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells.
• The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is increased workload.
• Hypertrophy is the result of increased production of cellular proteins.
৩.
Cancers grows by all of the followings except
ব্যাখ্যা
Cancers grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction, and penetration of the surrounding tissue.
৪.
Cell number is increased in
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus.
• Hyperplasia is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells.
• Physiological hyperplasia occurs in – breast during puberty, liver after hepatectomy
• Pathological hyperplasia occurs in – BPH, wart & endometrial tumour
৫.
Fatty change of the liver occurs in all of the following except -
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref:Robbins/9th/p-62
৬.
Which one is decreased in atrophy
ব্যাখ্যা
• Atrophy is defined as a reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.
• Atrophy results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells. Protein synthesis decreases because of reduced metabolic activity. The degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
৭.
Which one is age related atrophy?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Physiologic atrophy is common during normal development. Some embryonic structures, such as the notochord and thyroglossal duct, undergo atrophy during fetal development. The decrease in the size of the uterus that occurs shortly after parturition is another form of physiologic atrophy.
• Pathologic atrophy occurs due to – disuse atrophy, denervation atrophy, pressure atrophy, senile atrophy, nutritional deficiency atrophy
৮.
Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type may also occur in
ব্যাখ্যা
• Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type may also occur, as in Barrett oesophagus
• Connective tissue metaplasia is the formation of cartilage, bone, or adipose tissue (mesenchymal tissues) in tissues that normally do not contain these elements
৯.
Abundant tissue stem cells are required in
১০.
Ischemic necrosis of brain indicates which type of necrosis?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Coagulative: ischemic necrosis of heart, kidney, liver, adrenal gland & other solid organs; gumma of tertiary syphilis
• Liquefactive: boil, abscess & ischemic necrosis of brain
• Caseous: Granuloma of TB
• Fat: Enzymatic-pancreas, Traumatic- breast
• Fibrinioid: in collagen disease
১১.
Not true about necrosis
১২.
Morphologic alterations in reversible cell injury excludes
১৩.
Hydroxyl radical is inactivated by
১৪.
Which free radical acts close to the site of production?
১৫.
Characteristics of apoptosis excludes
১৬.
Which resembles necrosis morphologically & apoptosis mechanistically?
১৭.
Autophagy is related to
১৮.
Cause of metastatic calcification?
১৯.
Cholesterol deposition occurs in
২০.
Cellular swelling results from all of the following except
২১.
Criteria of acute inflammation
২২.
Molecules involved in septic shock
২৩.
Source of histamine is all of the following except
২৪.
Which metabolite of arachidonic acid vasodialator?
২৫.
Disinfect surgical site prior to surgery
২৬.
Mediators of fever excludes
২৭.
Procarcinogens excludes
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref. Robbins 9th p323, T-7.10
২৮.
Bradykinin is a mediator of
২৯.
TNM staging of a malignant tumour -
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref: Robbins 9th p 332
৩০.
Which one is malignant tumour?
৩১.
Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of
৩২.
Criteria of malignant tumour excludes
৩৩.
MALT lymphoma is associated with
৩৪.
CA 15-3 is related to carcinoma of
৩৫.
Which type of tumour mainly follows heamtogenous spread?
ব্যাখ্যা
Dissemination of cancers may occur through one of three pathways:
• Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces,
• Lymphatic spread- mainly carcinoma
• Hematogenous spread- mainly Sarcomas
৩৬.
Oncogenic microbes excludes
ব্যাখ্যা
• HTLV-1: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
• HPV: benign warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer
• EBV: Burkitt lymphomas, B-cell lymphomas in patients with T-cell immunosuppression
• Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus: hepatocellular carcinomas
• H. pylori: gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma
৩৭.
Temperature for autoclaving
৩৮.
IV solutions are sterilized by
৩৯.
Hypertrophy of an organ-
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref. Robbins 9th p-34
৪০.
Morphologic features of chronic inflammation are all of the following except -
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref. Robbins 9th p-93