৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ ইংরেজি [১২১]

প্রশ্ন:


সমাধান:

প্রশ্ন: প্রশ্নবোধক স্থানে কোন সংখ্যাটি বসবে?

সমাধান:
(২য় কলাম × ৩য় কলাম) - ১ম কলাম = ৪র্থ কলাম

(6 × 10) - 2 = 60 - 2 = 58
(7 × 11) - 3 = 77 - 3 = 74
(8 × 12) - 4 = 96 - 4 = 92

সুতরাং, প্রশ্নবোধক স্থানে 92 সংখ্যাটি বসবে।

Horatio is one of the few characters who survives the massacre at the end of Hamlet. He is spared because Hamlet, with his dying breath, asks him to live and tell the true story of what happened in Denmark.

Reference: www.study.com

In Shakespeare's King Lear, the Duke of Albany calls Goneril a "gilded serpent" in Act 5, Scene 3. He delivers this accusation after discovering that she and Edmund were conspiring against him.

Reference: www.quizlet.com

In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Hecate is presented as the queen of the witches, a figure of higher authority who controls and commands the three "weird sisters". Her presence reinforces the supernatural element of the play and demonstrates that Macbeth is not just a victim of fate, but is actively being manipulated and driven toward his tragic downfall by powerful, malevolent forces.

Reference : www.study.com

Sycorax is a powerful witch who died before the events of The Tempest begin, but her story heavily influences the relationships and major themes of the play. She is the mother of Caliban and the former ruler of the island that Prospero later takes over.

Reference: William Shakespeare, The Tempest

In Shakespeare's The Tempest, the Roman goddess of marriage is Juno, the queen of the gods. She appears in the play during the betrothal masque that Prospero creates for Ferdinand and Miranda in Act IV, Scene

Reference : William Shakespeare, The Tempest

In Shakespeare's King Lear, Gloucester sends the King toward Dover in Act 3 because he is moved by Lear's suffering and has secretly learned of a French invasion meant to aid the monarch. Gloucester's decision to act on his loyalty to Lear, rather than obey the cruel commands of Regan and Cornwall, ultimately leads to his torture and blinding.

Reference : William Shakespeare, King Lear

Shakespeare's Hamlet is a revenge play that both uses and subverts the conventions of the popular Elizabethan revenge tragedy genre. While it follows the basic plot structure of a revenge tragedy—a protagonist avenges a murder revealed by a ghost—Shakespeare creates a complex, psychological drama rather than a simple story of bloodshed.

Reference : www.thoughtco.com

In Shakespeare's The Tempest, Prospero's book is the source of his magical power, allowing him to control the supernatural forces on the island. His studies in the "liberal arts," which included arcane knowledge, were so consuming that they led to his overthrow as Duke of Milan. While on the island, these books become his greatest asset, enabling him to manipulate both the natural world and the inhabitants around him.

Reference : William Shakespeare, The Tempest

A. C. Bradley, a leading Shakespearean scholar of the early 20th century, argued in his seminal work Shakespearean Tragedy that Othello is a play driven by the destructive force of sexual jealousy. In Bradley's analysis, the tragedy is caused by the potent combination of Iago's malicious, manipulative nature and Othello's particular susceptibility to jealousy, which turns his love into a chaotic, bestial rage.

Reference: www.Shakespeareonline.com

In Shakespeare's King Lear, the King of France chooses to marry Cordelia in Act 1, Scene 1, despite the fact that she has been disinherited and disowned by her father, Lear.
This pivotal moment establishes the King of France as a man of honor and a foil to Lear's rash judgment and the greed of other characters.

Reference: William Shakespeare, King Lear

The murder of Banquo marks a pivotal and irreversible point in Macbeth's moral damnation, arguably sealing his fate. While the murder of King Duncan is the first and most horrifying crime, the killing of Banquo—his friend and former ally—signifies the final destruction of Macbeth's moral character and descent into tyranny.

Reference: www.study.com

In Shakespeare's Othello, the state of Venice desperately needs Othello's military services to resist the naval forces of the Ottoman Empire. In Act 1, Scene 3, news arrives that a Turkish fleet is threatening the Venetian territory of Cyprus, a strategically important island in the Mediterranean.

Reference: William Shakespeare, Othello

In Act 3, Scene 2 of The Tempest, Caliban, Trinculo, and Stephano hatch a drunken plot to murder Prospero and take over the island. The plan is primarily Caliban's, driven by his deep-seated resentment and hatred of Prospero for enslaving him and taking control of the island that he believes is rightfully his.

Reference : William Shakespeare, The Tempest

The motif of sight and blindness in Othello is central to the play's themes of deception, perception versus reality, and the destructive power of jealousy. Iago preys on the characters' inability to truly "see" others' intentions, manipulating Othello into a state of figurative blindness that leads to tragedy.

Reference: www.sparksnotes.com

The quote "Frailty, thy name is woman" from Shakespeare's Hamlet is widely interpreted as a misogynistic view expressed by the character of Hamlet. He utters the line in Act 1, Scene 2, during his first soliloquy, and it is a reaction to his mother Gertrude's hasty remarriage to his brother-in-law, Claudius, after his father's death.

Reference: www.litCharts.com

Iago uses the handkerchief to provide the fabricated "ocular proof" that confirms Othello's suspicions of Desdemona's infidelity, ultimately driving Othello to a murderous rage. The handkerchief, a powerful symbol of Othello and Desdemona's love, is turned into a weapon of destruction by Iago's manipulation.

Reference: William Shakespeare, Othello

In Shakespeare's Macbeth, ambition is the primary flaw that leads to the title character's downfall. While he is not naturally evil at the start of the play, his unchecked desire for power, fueled by the witches' prophecy and his wife's manipulations, drives him to commit regicide and descend into a tyrannical, paranoid murderer.

Reference: www.litcharts.com

In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Ophelia dies by drowning, but it is deliberately ambiguous whether her death was an accident or suicide. Her death takes place offstage and is famously described by Queen Gertrude in a poetic and compassionate speech.

Reference: William Shakespeare, Hamlet

The storm on the heath in King Lear is a powerful parallel to Lear's suffering, a central element of the play's symbolism. It is not merely a setting, but a physical manifestation of Lear's internal turmoil and psychological collapse. Through the storm, Shakespeare connects the breakdown of the natural world with Lear's mental disintegration and the political chaos of the kingdom.

Reference: www.gauth.com

In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Polonius observes that there is a "method" in Hamlet's madness in Act 2, Scene 2, during a conversation he has with the seemingly insane prince. This recognition, though famously delivered in an aside, serves to reinforce the audience's understanding that Hamlet is feigning madness for a purpose, even if Polonius misinterprets what that purpose is.

Reference: www.enotes.com

Miranda's amazement and curiosity upon seeing the shipwrecked nobles and Ferdinand are central to her characterization as a naive and compassionate figure in The Tempest. Having been raised in near-total isolation, her perspective is untainted by the political corruption that governs the behavior of the other characters. Her reactions are especially significant during two key moments in the play.

Reference: www.sparksnotes.com

In William Shakespeare's Macbeth, the repeated phrase "Sleep no more" stems from Macbeth's hallucination after murdering King Duncan, where he hears a voice crying out, "Sleep no more; Macbeth does murder sleep!". This famous line signifies Macbeth's profound guilt, revealing that his act of killing the sleeping king has destroyed his own ability to find peaceful rest, symbolizing a complete loss of innocence and peace of mind. This line appears in act ll

Reference : William Shakespeare, Macbeth

In Othello, the setting of Venice is a symbol of order, civilization, and law, which provides a stark contrast to the chaos and savagery that unfold later in the play. This initial location serves several important purposes in Act 1, including highlighting Othello's unique status, establishing his marriage, and exposing the underlying tensions of the society.

Reference : William Shakespeare, Othello

In Shakespeare's King Lear, Cordelia's answers to her father's demand for professions of love in Act 1, Scene 1, are driven by a fierce integrity and honesty. Unlike her sisters, Goneril and Regan, she refuses to engage in false flattery. Her responses, though brief, expose the performative nature of her sisters' affection and ultimately lead to her disinheritance and Lear's downfall. This attitude is reflected in the above mentioned lines.

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the mariner begins to get rid of his curse by blessing the sea snakes. After his thoughtless and cruel act of killing the albatross, he and his crew were tormented by supernatural forces. His moment of redemption comes when he has a profound change of heart and is finally able to appreciate and bless nature.

Reference : www.enotes.com

In Jonathan Swift's satirical novel Gulliver's Travels, Lilliput and Blefuscu are two neighboring island nations engaged in a long and bitter war. Both islands are inhabited by tiny people, and their conflict is used to satirize the petty religious and political disputes of Swift's time.

Reference : Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels

In Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Struldbrugs are identified by a circular spot on their forehead, directly above the left eyebrow. The mark's color and size change as they age, indicating their immortality.

Reference : Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels

Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of words that are close together. While it often involves repeating the same letter, the key is the sound, not the spelling. This literary device is used to create a rhythmic, musical quality that makes writing more engaging, memorable, and impactful. Here breez blow, foam flow correspont to alliteration.

Reference : Glossary of Literary Terms

In John Milton's Paradise Lost, the Fall is not a preordained tragedy but a deliberate act of free will, which makes Adam and Eve entirely responsible for their actions. Milton's justification of "the ways of God to men" hinges on his depiction of human beings as having true freedom of choice. The poem argues that for obedience to be meaningful, it cannot be forced; it must be a conscious decision.

Reference : www.enotes.com

In Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, the King of Brobdingnag develops a "very low idea" of English society and Europe in general after listening to Gulliver's extensive explanations of his home country. Instead of being impressed, as Gulliver expects, the giant king is horrified by the corruption, violence, and greed that Gulliver so innocently describes. The king's judgment serves as a sharp satirical critique of 18th-century European society from a fresh, outside perspective.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Dejection: An Ode," the speaker describes a state of profound melancholy, a "grief without a pang". Unlike typical sadness that can be expressed through tears or sighs, this is a deep-seated numbness that cuts him off from the beauty of the natural world. The poem explores this melancholy by contrasting the splendor of a sunset and a looming storm with the speaker's inner emptiness.

Reference : www.study.com

The poem begins by depicting Xanadu, a luxurious pleasure dome surrounded by sacred rivers, fertile ground, and enchanted forests. It then describes a savage, holy chasm where a powerful fountain erupts, feeding the sacred river that meanders through the landscape before sinking into a lifeless ocean. The scene shifts to Kubla Khan hearing prophecies of war, followed by a description of the dome’s shadow on the waves.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

In Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Skyresh Bolgolam is the High Admiral of Lilliput who becomes a malicious and irrational enemy to Gulliver. He is a primary antagonist in Gulliver's first voyage and serves as a satirical representation of petty, vindictive politicians.

Reference : Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels

In Book IX of John Milton's Paradise Lost, Eve proposes that she and Adam work separately in the Garden of Eden. Her suggestion directly leads to her being tempted by Satan while she is alone, which triggers the fall of humanity.

Reference : John Milton, Paradise Lost

John Keats's concept of Negative Capability is a poetic theory that describes the capacity for a writer to remain "in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason". A poet possessing this quality is able to put aside personal assumptions and beliefs to fully immerse themselves in the subject of their work. Keats believed this was an essential quality for creative genius, as famously exemplified by William Shakespeare.

Reference : www.dbu.edu

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan," the "deep romantic chasm" is more than just a deep gorge leading to a cave. While it serves as the physical setting for the source of the river Alph and its path to the "caverns measureless to man", it functions on a deeper symbolic level. This chasm is explicitly contrasted with the ordered, man-made "stately pleasure-dome" in Xanadu, revealing the tension between human control and natural chaos.

Reference : www.study.com

Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is a quintessential poem of the Romantic era, embodying its core characteristics through its fervent praise of nature, focus on emotion, use of the imagination, and political idealism.

Reference : www.litcharts.com

The line "As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need" is from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "Ode to the West Wind". It appears in the fourth stanza, where the speaker shifts from addressing the wind as a powerful, impersonal force of nature to making a deeply personal plea.

Reference : P.B. Shelly, Ode to the West Wind

William Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey" is considered a classic lyric poem, and a pivotal one at that. It embodies the core features of the lyric tradition, emphasizing personal emotion, deep introspection, and a first-person perspective, all flowing in a natural, conversational style.
The poem's full title, "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

In Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "To a Skylark," the term "blithe Spirit" means a joyful, carefree, and spiritual entity. By calling the skylark a "blithe Spirit," Shelley immediately elevates it beyond a mere bird and into a symbol of pure, unadulterated happiness that humans can never fully achieve.

Reference : www.cliffnites.com

An ode is a formal lyric poem that addresses and celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Odes originated in ancient Greece and were originally performed publicly to celebrate athletic victories. Over time, the form evolved, becoming a significant part of the Romantic era and later.

Reference: Glossary of Literary Terms

In William Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey," the images of the dark sycamore, the Sylvan Wye, and the hermit's cave are not just descriptive details; they are crucial symbolic elements that reflect the speaker's emotional state, his relationship with nature, and his mature worldview.

Reference : William Wordsworth, Tintern Abbey

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Dejection: An Ode," the speaker's last wish for the "Lady" is that she may ever, evermore rejoice. This blessing is a poignant and sorrowful conclusion, as the speaker is experiencing a complete absence of joy and poetic inspiration himself.
The final stanza of the poem contains this wish, detailing the speaker's hopes for her happiness.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

In his preface to the 1802 edition of Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth famously defined poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity". This definition is a cornerstone of the Romantic movement and revolutionized how poetry was understood.

Reference : Preface to Lyrical Ballads

John Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is a Romantic poem that uses classical antiquity as its central subject to explore the complex relationship between art, time, mortality, and human experience. By contemplating a timeless relic from ancient Greece, the speaker meditates on how art can both immortalize and freeze moments of beauty.

Reference : www.study.com

In Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, the eldest Bennet sister is Jane Bennet. She is a beautiful, kind-hearted, and gentle young woman who is admired for her sweet and serene disposition.

Reference : Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudices

A simile is a figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two different things, using the words "like" or "as". Similes create vivid imagery and make descriptions more expressive by linking something to a more familiar or evocative image.

Reference : Glossary of Literary terms

In John Milton's Paradise Lost, the archangel Raphael does not literally forbid Adam and Eve from eating the forbidden fruit. God had already given that single command directly to Adam. Instead, God sends Raphael to Eden to warn them about the dangers of Satan and to explain the importance of remaining obedient through their own free will.

Reference : John Milton, Paradise lost

In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen uses love and marriage as central themes to explore the societal pressures, economic realities, and moral values of Regency-era England. The novel satirizes the superficial, transactional nature of many marriages while championing the ideal of a union founded on mutual love, respect, and intellectual compatibility.


Reference : www.study.com

The Greek name for the legendary king of Ithaca, famously known by his Roman name Ulysses, is Odysseus. He is the hero of Homer's epic poem, The Odyssey, which recounts his long and difficult journey home after the Trojan War.

Reference : www.ancestry.com

The last duchess is the deceased first wife of the Duke of Ferrara, the speaker of Robert Browning's poem "My Last Duchess". Though she is nameless in the poem, historical evidence suggests she was based on Lucrezia de' Medici.

Reference : www.litcharts.com

The line "Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be," is the famous opening of Robert Browning's poem "Rabbi Ben Ezra," published in 1864. The line expresses a profound optimism that runs counter to conventional anxieties about aging, arguing that old age is the culmination of life, not its decay.

Reference : www.poets.org

In Robert Browning's dramatic monologue "Andrea del Sarto," the theme of artistic compromise is central to the poem. The poem presents a complex picture of a Renaissance painter who, despite his technical brilliance, has failed to achieve artistic greatness due to a series of choices that have stifled his potential.

Reference : www.enotes.com

In Robert Browning's poem "Fra Lippo Lippi," the church does not inspire the painter in the traditional, positive sense. Rather, its demands and restrictions form the central source of creative conflict for Fra Lippo Lippi. The church's insistence on an idealized, non-realistic art style is what he pushes against, arguing that his more naturalistic approach is the truer path to appreciating God's creation.

Reference : www.enotes.com

In Robert Browning's "Rabbi Ben Ezra," the central philosophy revolves around the idea that old age is a period of enlightened reflection on the past, which in turn prepares one to accept and bravely face the final challenges of the future. The poem's speaker, a wise old rabbi, encourages a perspective where every stage of life, including its struggles and perceived failures, contributes to a greater, divinely orchestrated purpose.

Reference : www.scribd.com

Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach" is defined by its deep sense of pessimism, which emerges from the speaker's despair over the loss of faith and spiritual certainty in the modern world. What begins as a calm, contemplative night scene quickly descends into a bleak, existential lament as the speaker confronts a world he perceives as joyless and chaotic.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

Robert Browning's poem "Andrea del Sarto" is a quintessential example of a Victorian dramatic monologue. It embodies all the key elements of the form: a single speaker, an identifiable but silent listener, a revealed dramatic situation, and an inadvertent self-revelation of the speaker's character.

Reference : www.britanica.com

In Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess," the Duke of Ferrara's pride is the central and most destructive force in his character. It poisons his relationship with his wife, distorts his perception of reality, and ultimately justifies his murderous actions. His pride is inseparable from his obsession with control and his aristocratic title.

Reference : www.enotes.com

The poem is a pastoral elegy as it uses a rural setting to express mourning for the spiritual fragmentation of modern life. It is also a lyrical narrative as it tells a story with a deeply personal, lyrical voice.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

In Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem "Ulysses," the "savage race" refers to the inhabitants of Ithaca, the island kingdom over which Ulysses rules. He uses the term "savage" to express his deep contempt for his people's simple, provincial existence, which he finds mundane and unfulfilling compared to his own adventurous and cosmopolitan past.

Reference : www.enotes.com

The mournful tone of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's In Memoriam A.H.H. is evident in the poem's raw, introspective depiction of grief over the death of his friend, Arthur Henry Hallam. The pervasive sadness is established in the poem's early lyrics and evolves into a complex exploration of loss, doubt, and the human struggle to find meaning after tragedy.

Reference : www.allpoetry.com

In Matthew Arnold's poem "The Scholar-Gipsy," the central quest is for a more profound and spiritual form of knowledge and being, one that stands in opposition to the anxiety and fragmentation of modern Victorian life. The scholar abandons the conventional, academic path of Oxford in favor of the gypsies' "lore" and their mythical ability to wield the power of imagination.

Reference: www.enotes.com

In Charles Dickens's Great Expectations, Joe Gargery's profession is a blacksmith. This humble occupation is central to his identity and symbolizes the simple, honest, and hardworking life that Pip initially rejects in his pursuit of a higher social standing.

Reference : Charles Dickens, Great Expectations

In Greek mythology, Tithonus was a Trojan prince who was the lover of Eos, the goddess of the dawn. The myth is a tragic tale that serves as a cautionary lesson about the dangers of desiring immortality without considering all its consequences.

Reference : www.britanica.com

Matthew Arnold's "Thyrsis" is a classic example of a pastoral elegy, a genre of poetry that mourns the death of a person by using highly conventionalized pastoral settings and imagery. Written in 1866, the poem commemorates the poet's close friend and fellow poet, Arthur Hugh Clough, who died in 1861.

Reference : www.cliffnotes.com

In Thomas Hardy's novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Tess murders Alec d'Urberville in a fit of rage and despair after he has manipulated and exploited her for the final time. The act is a culmination of years of abuse and societal persecution, and it represents a desperate, final attempt by Tess to reclaim her freedom and her life with Angel Clare.

Reference : Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles

Pip's love for Estella in Great Expectations is a passionate, unrequited infatuation that stems from his fascination with her beauty, wealth, and status, inspiring his ambition to become a gentleman and escape his humble origins. Although Estella is cold, beautiful, and raised to break hearts, and she warns Pip she cannot love anyone, his love persists as a central, agonizing force in his life.

Reference : Charles Dickens, Great Expectations

In Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "The Lotos-Eaters," the central conflict is the profound human struggle between duty and pleasure. After a long and punishing journey, Odysseus's mariners arrive at a land where eating the lotus fruit brings them a state of blissful, narcotic lethargy.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

In Matthew Arnold's poem "The Scholar-Gipsy," the central figure does not age because he has renounced modern life and its corrupting influences. By abandoning the "sick hurry" and "divided aims" of the Victorian age, the Scholar-Gipsy achieves a form of timelessness, escaping the physical and spiritual decay that afflicts ordinary people.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

Matthew Arnold's poem Thyrsis is a pastoral elegy written to mourn the death of his friend, the poet Arthur Hugh Clough. The poem, published in 1866, commemorates Clough, who had passed away in 1861 at the age of 42.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

In the myth of Tithonus, it is famously the case that he was not granted eternal youth, only eternal life. His story is a classic example of a "be careful what you wish for" scenario, illustrating the terrifying consequences of immortality without agelessness.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) was a celebrated English novelist, short-story writer, and poet of the Victorian and Edwardian eras. A critical observer of Victorian society, he is best known for his tragic novels set in the semi-fictional region of Wessex.

Reference : www.britanica.com

The last chapter of D.H. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers is titled "Derelict". This final chapter follows Paul Morel after his mother's death and explores his feelings of being lost and directionless. The chapter concludes with his decision to reject the darkness and embrace life by walking toward the city lights.

Reference : www.litcharts.com

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is a landmark of modernist poetry, embodying the movement's core themes and stylistic techniques. T. S. Eliot uses the poem to break from the traditions of Romanticism and Victorian poetry, creating a complex portrait of modern life in the early 20th century.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

In Heart of Darkness, Kurtz dies of a tropical fever and exhaustion while on Marlow's steamboat, on the return trip from the Inner Station. His death is not sudden or violent, but rather the culmination of his physical and spiritual decay in the African jungle.

Reference : Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness

In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, the Harlequin is a young, devoted Russian sailor who idolizes Kurtz. Marlow gives him the nickname "the Harlequin" because of his brightly patched clothing. He is the only European who has remained with Kurtz at the Inner Station, serving as his faithful and naive disciple.

Reference : Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness

In T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," the famous refrain, "In the room the women come and go / Talking of Michelangelo," is central to understanding Prufrock's alienation, insecurity, and the broader themes of the poem. The repeated line, appearing in two stanzas, highlights several key ideas.

Reference : T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock

D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers is widely considered a semi-autobiographical novel. Drawing heavily from Lawrence's own life, the book fictionalizes his childhood and his complex relationships with his parents and early love interests.

Reference : www.enotes.com

In Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman, Biff Loman is indeed the more responsible son — even though his life appears directionless. He demonstrates moral integrity and emotional honesty by confronting his father’s false dreams and accepting the truth about himself.

On the other hand, Happy Loman is younger but irresponsible, living a shallow life built on lies and continuing his father’s delusions.

প্রশ্নে ভাষাগত ত্রুটি থাকায় প্রশ্নটি বাতিল করা হলো। 
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In Death of a Salesman, Biff is the more responsible son, despite his seemingly aimless life, because he demonstrates an honest and self-aware struggle for personal truth. In contrast, Happy is completely irresponsible, embracing and perpetuating his father's delusions to the very end.

Reference : Arthur Miller, Death of a Salseman

In D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers, Gertrude Morel's influence on her son Paul's artistic pursuit is both profound and damaging. While she initially encourages his talents as a way for him to escape their working-class mining life, her suffocating and jealous love ultimately stunts his emotional and artistic development.

Reference : www.ebsco.com

The original working title for "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" was "Prufrock Among the Women". T. S. Eliot used this title in his early drafts of the poem, which he wrote between 1910 and 1911.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

In the poem, "The Circus Animals' Desertion," William Butler Yeats explicitly reflects on the decline of his poetic abilities as he reaches old age. He uses the metaphor of a circus ringmaster whose performers—the "circus animals"—have abandoned him. This creative crisis forces him to look back at the raw, messy origins of his art in "the foul rag and bone shop of the heart

Reference : www.ebsco.com

In Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, Lucky's long, rambling philosophical speech is a chaotic and nonsensical jumble that occurs in Act I. Triggered by Pozzo's command for him to "think," the speech reflects the breakdown of human intellect and communication in the face of an absurd and indifferent universe.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

In Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, Biff's theft of a fountain pen from Bill Oliver's office is a pivotal moment of self-realization and disillusionment that symbolizes his rejection of his father's false version of the American Dream. The incident shatters the fantasy that Biff and his family have been living for years, leading him to a moment of brutal honesty.

Reference : Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman

The primary theme of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman is the failure and disillusionment of the American Dream. The play portrays Willy Loman's lifelong, and ultimately fatal, pursuit of a corrupted version of this dream, which he believes is achievable not through hard work and merit, but through superficial charm and popularity.

Reference : www.bartleby.com

William Butler Yeats was a quintessential Symbolist poet, though his approach evolved significantly throughout his career. Unlike the French Symbolists, who favored vague and emotionally suggestive symbols, Yeats constructed a complex, often personal, system of symbols to convey complex philosophical and mystical ideas.

Reference : www.edubirdie.com

The Theatre of the Absurd is heavily influenced by existentialist philosophy, particularly Albert Camus's essay "The Myth of Sisyphus". Both schools of thought explore the human condition in a universe devoid of inherent meaning or purpose. However, where existentialism is a philosophical exploration of how to create meaning, absurdism is its artistic manifestation, portraying the experience of meaninglessness through chaotic and illogical dramatic means.

Reference : Martin Esslin, The Theatre of the Absurd

Datta (to give), Dayadhvam (to sympathize), and Damyata (to control). These virtues—charity, compassion, and self-restraint—are presented as a potential cure for the spiritual emptiness and moral decay of modern society, offering a chance for peace amidst the poem's fragmented despair. The poem ends with the Sanskrit word Shantih, or peace, which could be the final solution if humanity can learn the thunder's lessons.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

W. B. Yeats is considered a crucial figure in the Modernist movement, but his approach was unique and evolved over his long career. While he began as a poet in the Romantic and Symbolist traditions, his style transformed in response to the political and social chaos of the early 20th century.

Reference : www.britanica.com

In Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, the sprouting of new leaves on the tree in Act 2 serves a complex and contradictory purpose, simultaneously offering a flicker of hope and underscoring the characters' endless, unchanging predicament.

Reference : www.enotes.com

The phrase 'Unreal City' is a direct translation of 'fourmillement, cité pleine de rêves' from Baudelaire's 'The Seven Old Men,' which describes the squalid and surreal urban landscape.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

In T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, the line "The river sweats / Oil and tar" is a literal and symbolic description of the River Thames in London. During the time Eliot was writing in the early 20th century, the Thames was a heavily polluted waterway, a far cry from its more mythic past celebrated by earlier poets like Edmund Spenser.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com

In the notes to The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot explicitly states that the Holy Grail references and the poem's overall plan were suggested by Jessie L. Weston's book, From Ritual to Romance.

Reference : www.sparksnotes.com

In Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, Didi is the nickname for one of the play's two main tramps, Vladimir. He is Estragon's constant companion as they wait for the mysterious figure Godot to arrive.

Reference : Samuel Beckett, Waiting For Godot

In T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, the Hyacinth girl episode represents a memory of lost love and a profound failure of connection. It is a fleeting glimpse of a moment that held the promise of intimacy and spiritual regeneration, which is then cruelly contrasted with the narrator's emotional and sexual paralysis.

Reference :www.pensandpoison.org

In his poem "The Wild Swans at Coole," Yeats uses the swans as a powerful symbol of permanence and timeless vitality, which he contrasts with his own aging and the changing world.

Reference : www.poemanalysis.com