১০০ দিনে বিসিএস প্রস্তুতি [বিষয়ভিত্তিক]

Dream:
[countable] a series of images, events and feelings that happen in your mind while you are asleep
Example: I had a really weird dream last night.
Source: Oxford Learners Dictionaries

Determiner হচ্ছে noun/pronoun এর নির্দিষ্টতা, অনির্দিষ্টতা, সংখ্যা বা পরিমাপক নির্দেশক।
উক্ত বাক্যে enough হচ্ছে Determiner যা money বা টাকার পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করছে।

Twenty years / Twenty thousand dollars / twenty miles ইত্যাদি যদি একক time, money, distance কে বুঝায় তাহলে সেটি সবসময় singular হয়। তাই is হবে।

Here ‘barking’ is a Participle.
Particple : verb+ing যদি adjective/verb এর কাজ করে (verbal adjective).

বাক্যে enough শব্দটি adjective ‘wise’ কে modify করায়, তা একটি adverb.

Hanker after / for something: কোনোকিছুর জন্য অত্যন্ত লালায়িত হওয়া।
Example: Hanker after wealth.
Source: Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.

Had I been rich, I would have helped homeless people.
Conditional sentence- এ Had + Sub + V3 + Ext. এভাবে কোন Sentence শুরু হলে সেটিও Perfect conditional/ 3rd conditional হয়।
if clause- এ যদি (had + V3) হয়, তবে পরবর্তী clause- এ would/could/might + have + V3 + extension. ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Lest (conjunction): in order to prevent something from happening.
example:
- He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob.
- Lest anyone should doubt my story, I have brought documents to attest to its truth.
Source: Oxford Learners Dictionaries.
Lest এরপর subject থাকলে should + verb-এর base form হবে।

এটি একটি complex sentence. এর প্রথম clause টি principal clause এবং দ্বিতীয় clause টি subordinate clause.

Before conjunction যুক্ত sentence এ before এর পুর্বে past perfect tense হলে before এর পরে past indifinite হবে।

অতীতের নির্দিষ্ট সময় উল্লেখ করা আছে বিধায় when এর পরের অংশ past indefinite tense এ হবে।

Yesterday একটি অতীত নির্দেশক Adverb যা past indefinite tense নির্দেশ করে।
সুতরাং সঠিক বাক্য Sagor and Jamil met yesterday।
আরো কিছু অতীত নির্দেশক শব্দ হলো - last, last night, last day, ago, long since, last year, etc.

If যুক্ত clause টি যদি unreal past অর্থাৎ যদি হত (আসলে হয় নি) এমন অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তাহলে be verb এর স্থলে were বসে, এবং main clause টি past form (would) এ হয়।

1) By - সহিংসতা, তরবারি, মহামারীতে মারা যাওয়া বুঝাতে by হবে।
Those who died by the sword were more fortunate than those who died of hunger.

2) In - হাসপাতালে এবং এক্সিডেন্টে মারা যাওয়া বুঝাতে in হবে।
At least six people have died in the accident. He later died in hospital.

শান্তিতে মারা যাওয়া বুঝাতে in হবে। Cambridge
I would like to die in my sleep

যুদ্ধে মারা যাওয়া বুঝাতে in হবে। উল্লেখ্য যে যুদ্ধ এবং সহিংসতা আলাদা দুটো বিষয়।
This is the cemetery of those who died in the First World War.

3) Of/From রোগ, অসুস্থতা, ক্ষুধা, পিপাসা দারিদ্র্যের কারণে মারা গেলে of এবং from হয়।
She died of / from hunger / cancer / thirst / a heart attack / her injuries
Those who died by the sword were more fortunate than those who died of hunger.

বৃদ্ধ বয়সের কারণে মারা গেলে of হবে।
She died of old age.

ক্ষতের বা আঘাতের কারণে মারা যাওয়া বুঝাতে of/from ব্যবহৃত হয়।
The cyclist died from his injuries.

4) For - দেশের জন্য অথবা কোন কারণে মারা যাওয়া বুঝাতে for ব্যবহৃত হয়।
He died for his country.

5) At - ঝুঁকির মধ্যে মারা যাওয়া বুঝাতে at হয়।

Sources - Oxford, Cambridge and Merriam Webster Dictionary. Common Mistakes in English by T J Fitikides

কোন sentence এ একাধিক pronoun থাকলে, প্রথমে 'second person', তারপর 'third person' এবং শেষে 'first person' বসে।
যেমন: You, he and I are present.
কিন্তু দোষ স্বীকার করলে অথবা অপরাধ স্বীকার করলে প্রথমে 'first person', তারপর 'second person', এবং শেষে 'third person' বসে।
যেমন: I, you and he are guilty.

Almost একটি adverb যা বাক্যের verb, adjective এর পূর্বে বসে তার দোষ গুণ প্রকাশ করে। সে হিসেবে গ এবং ঘ ভুল।
ate almost অর্থ 'প্রায় খেল' একটি ভুল impression.
Ate almost the whole dish অর্থ প্রায় সম্পূর্ণ ডিশটি খেল,যথার্থ অর্থবোধক। তাই এটিই সঠিক উত্তর।

Latin Comparative (senior, junior, major, minor) এর পরে to বসে।
যেমন, He is senior to me for five years.

No sooner had - than, scarcely had – when, hardly had – before এর প্রথম অংশ Past Perfect ও Verb এর Past Participle হয় এবং ২য় অংশে Past Indefinite হয়।
যেমনঃ No sooner had we reached the station than the train left.
Hardly had the train stopped before we got down.
Scarcely had we started when it began to rain.

Not once has our neighbour invited us into his house. - এর অর্থ হলো আমাদের প্রতিবেশি একবারো আমাদেরকে তার বাসায় দাওয়াত করে নি। যার মানে দাঁড়ায় আমাদের প্রতিবেশি কখনো আমাদেরকে তার বাসায় দাওয়াত করে নি (Our neighbour has never invited us into his house.)।

Complex sentence এ though/although থাকলে compound sentence এ but থাকে। সুতরাং সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে - He is rich but stingy (সে ধনী কিন্তু কৃপণ।)

Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র Finite verb থাকে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর হবে, She gave me an expensive watch.

'Who planted this tree here'? এর সঠিক passive voice হবে By whom was this tree planted here?
'Who had planted this tree here'? এর সঠিক passive voice হবে By whom had the tree been planted here?
Who যুক্ত sentence এর passive voice করার structure- by whom + auxiliary verb + subject + verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

“Rome was not built in a day.” - এখানে subject ‘Rome’ কিন্তু object দেয়া নেই বা object টা এখানে উহ্য আছে। Rome সাম্রাজ্য যেহেতু Roman রা তৈরি করেছে, তাই active করার সময় subject হিসেবে The Romans ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
এ ধরনের past indefinite tense এ থাকা negative passive বাক্যকে Active বাক্যে রূপান্তর করার structure হবে - sub + did not + v1 + sub কে obj + ex.

দুয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝালে adjective এর comparative form হয়। কিন্তু এর বেশি হলে superlative form ব্যবহার করতে হয়। এবং superlative degree এর পূর্বে ‘the’ article বসে।
সুতরাং, Among the five boys, Mujib is the Most intelligent হবে সঠিক উত্তর।

Good/well এর comparative এবং superlative degree যথাক্রমে better এবং best.
বাক্যের গঠন এবং যথাযথ অর্থবিচারে “You do not know her as well as I.” সঠিক উত্তর।

razzmatazz (noun):
noisy and noticeable activity, intended to attract attention.
Source: Cambridge Dictionary

Polyglot: speaking or using several different languages.
Linguist: someone who studies foreign languages or can speak them very well, or someone who teaches or studies linguistics.
Erudite: having or containing a lot of knowledge that is known by very few people.
Source: Cambridge Dictionary

Magnanimous = Generous or forgiving, especially toward a rival or less powerful person.
Synonym: Generous, charitable, benevolent, beneficent, open-handed, big-hearted, great-hearted, munificent, bountiful, liberal, handsome, princely, altruistic, kind, kindly, philanthropic, chivalrous, noble

Sundry - several, different, various.
Wealthy - a large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone has.
Decorative - made to look attractive.
Cruel - extremely unkind and unpleasant and causing pain to people or animals intentionally.
Source: Cambridge Dictionary

Myriad - বিপুল/অগণ্য সংখ্যা।
Limited - পরিমাণে অল্প, সংকীর্ণ।
Endless - অফুরন্ত; অশেষ।
Crazy - বাতিকগ্রস্ত; অত্যুৎসাহী।
Joyful - আনন্দপূর্ণ, আনন্দদায়ক।
অর্থাৎ, Myriad এর antonym হবে Limited.
Source: Bangla Academy Accessible Dictionary and english-bangla Dictionary.

সঠিক বানানের শব্দটি হলো - Conquer; যার অর্থ - জয় করা; শক্তিবলে দখল করা।
Source: Bangla Academy Accessible Dictionary

একটি complex sentence এ একটি principal clause এবং একটি subordinate clause থাকে।
Subordinate clause টি if, although, before, who, which, what, whom, after, since, that ইত্যাদি দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।
গঠন এবং Tense অনুসারে সঠিক complex বাক্যটি হবে - I knew what his name was.

Hearten (verb) - উৎসাহ দেওয়া; উল্লসিত করা।
Heartily (adverb) - সানন্দে; পূর্ণোদ্যমে; হৃষ্টচিত্তে।
Heartful - (কোন শব্দ নেই)
Heartening (adjective) - উৎসাহব্যঞ্জক; উল্লাসজনক।
Source: Bangla Academy Accessible Dictionary

Fool -
(noun): He's a fool;
(verb): Don't be fooled by his appearance;
(adjective): I made a damn fool mistake.

Poor -
(noun): She gives a lot of money to the poor;
(adjective): He came from a poor immigrant family.

Ear -
(noun): She's deaf in her left ear.

Famous -
(adjective): a famous actor.

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

‘In’ prefix যোগে inattentive (অমনোযোগী, অনবধান) শব্দটি মূল শব্দ attentive (মনোযোগ; অনন্যচিত্ত; যত্নবান) এর বিপরীত অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।

There are six parts in a letter. These are -
1. Heading of the letter,
2. Salutation or Greetings,
3. The body of the letter,
4. The subscription,
5. The signature of the writer and
6. The superscription of address.

William Shakespeare was an English dramatist and poet of the sixteenth century. He is known mostly for his plays.
Notable comedy of William Shakespeare: Twelfth night, The Taming of the Shrew, Two gentlemen of Verona, The Merchant of Venice, As you like it, All's well that ends well, A Midsummer Night Dreams, The Tempest.
Shakespeare's Tragedy: Julius Caesar (1599), Antony and Cleopatra (1606), Titus Andronicus, Romeo and Juliet (1594), Hamlet (1601), Troilus and Cressida, Othello (1604), Macbeth (1605), King lear (1605). Timon of Athens.
[Source: LiveMCQ Lecture]

Walt Whitman(1819-1892): American poet, journalist, and essayist.
Famous quotations of Walt Whitman:
‘If anything is sacred the human body is sacred.’
‘Behold, I do not give lectures or a little charity, When I give I give myself.’ (Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass).
[Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica]

Arthur Miller (1915-2005): American playwright.
He is known for combining social awareness with a searching concern for his characters’ inner lives.
He is best known for ‘Death of a Salesman (1949)’.
His other notable works: After the Fall, All My Sons, The Crucible, The Price, The American Clock, Incident at Vichy.
[Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica]

William Butler Yeats (1865 – 1939):
- Irish dramatist, poet, and critic.
- He is famous for his use of “Symbolism and Mysticism”.
- He wrote the preamble of Tagore's “Gitanjali” in 1912, which later got Nobel prize in 1913.
- W.B Yeats got the Nobel prize in 1923.
Major Works:
Famous Books of Poems: The wild swans at Coole, The Tower, The Cat and the Moon.
Poems: The Winding Stair and Other poems, The Resurrection, The Second Coming, Byzantium, The Lake Isle of Innisfree, Among School Children, The Lord of Harts, A Prayer for My Daughter, When You Are Old.
Drama: The countess Cathleen, Cathleen in Houlihan.
‘The Countess Cathleen’ verse drama by William Butler Yeats, published in 1892 and performed in 1899.
[Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica and Live MCQ Lecture.]

John Keats(1795-1821): English Romantic lyric poet. He is called the Poet of Beauty and also Poet of Sensuousness.
His famous books: Endymion, Hyperion, Lamia.
Famous Poems: Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Autumn, The Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to Psyche etc

.My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness,—
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees
-Ode to a Nightingale by John Keats.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Encyclopaedia Britannica]

William Somerset Maugham(1874 – 1965):
He is a novelist playwright and story writer.
He wrote the play: The Land of Promise.
His famous Novels: Of Human Bondage, The Sacred Flames, The Razor's Edge, Cakes and Ale, The Musician, The Moon and Sixpence, Lady Frederick.
Short Stories: The Ant and the Grasshopper, The Luncheon.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture.]

Samuel Becket(1906-1989): He is an Irish novelist, author, critic, and playwright, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969.
He wrote in both French and English and is perhaps best known for his plays, especially Waiting for Godot(Absurd play).
From Samuel Beckett's Waiting For Godot - the quote ''Nothing to be done.'' is taken from and it is uttered by the character Estragon.
[Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica & Others reliable source]

Toni Morrison (1931-2019): American writer noted for her examination of Black experience (particularly Black female experience) within the Black community. She received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993.
His notable works: The Bluest Eye, Beloved, Sula, The Book About Mean People, A Mercy, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, Home, Song of Solomon, Paradise.
[Source: Encyclopedia of Britannica.]

Beowulf, heroic poem, the highest achievement of Old English literature(England) and the earliest European vernacular epic. It is also the first monument in English literature.
Major literary works of The Anglo-Saxon Period: The Wanderer, The Seafarer, the Husband’s Message, and The Wife’s Lament.
‘The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ written in this age is the earliest prose of English literature.
[Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica and An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman]

Geoffrey Chaucer: Father of Modern English poetry.
-His ‘The Canterbury Tales’ ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English.
His famous poetry: The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, The Parliament of Fowls, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Book of the Duchess.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture]

‘Morte d'Arthur’ is the first romance in prose completed by Sir Thomas Malory about 1470 and printed by William Caxton in 1485.
‘Morte D' Arthur’ poem written by Lord Alfred Tennyson.
[Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.]

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Father of Italian Language or The Supreme Poet of Italy.
He wrote the monumental epic 'The Divine Comedy'. It is usually held to be one of the world’s great works of literature. Divided into three major sections—Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso.
His famous poem is Inferno. It is the first part of 'The Divine Comedy'.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Encyclopaedia Britannica]

John Milton (1608–74): He is considered the most significant English writer after William Shakespeare.
-He is called ‘Epic Poet’ and also called 'A great master of verse in Puritan Period'.
-His famous Epics are- Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained.
-Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse, one of the late works by John Milton, originally issued in 10 books in 1667. It tells the biblical story of the fall from grace of Adam and Eve (and, by extension, all humanity) in language that is a supreme achievement of rhythm and sound.
The main characters in the poem are God, Lucifer (Satan), Adam, and Eve.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Encyclopaedia Britannica]

John Dryden is the Father of Modern English Criticism.
His famous works are- All for Love, The Indian Emperor, Aureng-Zebe, The Mistaken Husband, Absalom and Achitophel, MacFlecknoe, The essay of Dramatic Poesy, The Conquest of Granada, The Medal of John Bays.
[Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman and Live MCQ lecture.]

Dr. Samuel Johnson(1709-1784): Father of English Dictionary. He is the first lexicographer in English.
His famous books- A Preface to Shakespeare, Rasselas: Prince of Abissinia, Life of the English Poets etc.
His famous poem-The Vanity of Human Wishes.
[Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman and Live MCQ Lecture.]

William Wordsworth (1770–1850): English Romantic poet. He is called Poet of Nature, Poet of Childhood, Lake poet.
Major Works: Lyrical Ballad (1798), The Daffodils, The prelude (1850), Lucy poem, Tintern Abbey, The Solitary Reaper, The Excursion.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture]

Alexander Pope is a Mock Heroic Poet.
His famous quotations/poetic line are-
-'Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.'
-'An honest man is the noblest work of God.'
-'To err is human, nto forgive is divine.'
-'A little learning is a dangerous thing'.
[Source: ‘An Essay on Criticism’ and ‘An Essay on Man’ by Alexander Pope, Live MCQ Lecture]

Chinua Achebe(1930-2013):
-One of the world's most widely recognized and praised Nigerian novelists.
-Chinua Achebe wrote some of the most extraordinary works of the 20th century.
‘Arrow of God’ novel by Achebe
His other Notable works: Things Fall Apart (1958), No Longer at Ease, A Man of the People, Anthills of the Savannah.

'A Tale of Two Cities' is a novel written by Charles Dickens.
‘Robinson Crusoe’ is a Novel written by Daniel Defoe.
‘The sun also rises’is a novel written by Ernest hemingway.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Encyclopaedia Britannica]

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950): Irish comic dramatist, literary critic, and socialist propagandist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.
Famous Plays of G.B. Shaw are- Pygmalion, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, Arms and the Man, Heartbreak House, Caesar and Cleopatra, Man and Superman, The Doctor’s Dilemma, St. Joan of Arc etc.
[Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman and Britannica]

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834): He is called the “poet of Supernaturalism”. He is also called the “Lake poet” and “Opium Eater”.
Major works: Biographia Literaria (1833) (prose), The Rime of Ancient Mariner (1798), Kubla Khan, Christabel, Dejection: An ode.
[Source: LiveMCQ Lecture]

E.M. Forster(1879-1970): In full Edward Morgan Forster. British novelist, essayist, and social and literary critic. His fame rests largely on his novels ‘Howards End (1910)’ and ‘A Passage to India (1924)’.‘A Passage to India’ examines racism and colonialism.
Foster's other works:
- Aspects of Novel
- Where Angels Fear to Tread
- The Longest Journey
- A Room With a View
- The Celestial Omnibus(Collection of short stories).
Walt Whitman is an American poet, essayist and journalist. His famous works: A Passage To India(Poem).
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Encyclopaedia Britannica]

University wits are a group of young dramatists who wrote and performed in London towards the end of the 16th century during the Elizabethan Period. Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Robert Greene, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Nashe are university wits.
[source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman]

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 – 1822):
-This English poet was an atheist and expelled from Oxford University in 1811 due to his publication of a pamphlet named “The necessity of Atheism”.
-He believed that only revolution can change our society. So that he is called “Revolutionary Poet”.
-He is also called “The poet of Hope and Regeneration”.
-Shelly mourns over the death of John Keats in his famous elegy “Adonais”.
Famous Books: Prometheus Unbound (1820), Adonais (1821), A Defense of poetry (1820), The Revolt of Islam.
‘Ozymandias’ is a famous sonnet by Percy Bysshe Shelley, published in 1818. One of Shelley’s most famous short works, the poem offers an ironic commentary on the fleeting nature of power. Other famous poems: Ode to the West Wind, To a skylark, Alastor, Ozymandias, Queen Mab, The cloud.
[Source: LiveMCQ Lecture]

Emily Brontë was an English novelist and poet who wrote a single novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative work of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. The novel was published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell.
[Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica]

Lord Alfred Tennyson was a Victorian Poet and playwright.
His famous poems are Oenone, Ulysses, Lotus Eaters, Locksley Hall, Tears Idle Tears, Tithonus, The Two Voices, The Lady of Shalott, Vision of Sin, Morte D'Arthur etc.
The Falcon, Queen Mary, Harold are the famous comedies of Lord Alfred Tennyson.
Source: Live MCQ lecture and Encyclopedia Britannica.

Edgar Allan Poe(1809–49): American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor who is famous for his cultivation of mystery and the macabre.
His best-known works include the poems- “To Helen” (1831), “The Raven” (1845), and “Annabel Lee” (1849);
The short stories of wickedness and crime- “The Tell-Tale Heart” (1843) and “The Cask of Amontillado” (1846);
Supernatural horror story- “The Fall of the House of Usher” (1839).
His some other notable works are:
- The Black Cat
- The Masque of the Red Death
- The Murders in the Rue Morgue
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Encyclopaedia Britannica]

Edmund Spenser is known as the 'Poet of Poets' in English literature.
His famous Epic is ‘The Faerie Queene’.
His famous books- The Shepherds Calendar, The Ruins of Time, Amoretti (Collection of 89 Sonnets).
[Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman and Live MCQ Lecture]

The peak of importance in a play or story is called climax. At this point the rise of action ends and the fall of action begins. For example: Antigone’s death is the climax of Oedipus.
[Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman.]

Thomas Carlyle(1795-1881): Scottish historian and essayist.
Major works: The French Revolution, Sartor Resartus.
His famous quotation-
-'Speech is great, silence is greater'
-'Popular opinion is the greatest lie'.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Encyclopaedia Britannica]

Walt Whitman(1819-1892): American poet, journalist, and essayist.
His famous works: A Passage To India (poem), Leaves of Grass, Drum-Taps, O Captain! My Captain!, Songs of Myself etc.
‘The Road not Taken’ is a famous poem of Robert Frost.
[Source: Live MCQ Lecture.]