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৪৮তম বিশেষ বিসিএস [স্বাস্থ্য] ⎯ মেডিকেল অংশ [Archived]

পরীক্ষা৪৮তম বিশেষ বিসিএস [স্বাস্থ্য] ⎯ মেডিকেল অংশ [Archived]তারিখতারিখ অনির্ধারিতসময়20 minutes
মোট প্রশ্ন৪০
সিলেবাস
Exam - 22 Community Medicine Concept of public health, community medicine, health and disease Behavioral science Health communication and health education Environment and health Immunity and immunization including EPI Principles of epidemiology; epidemiology of communicable and non-communicable diseases MCH-FP and demography Primary health care (PHC), MDG, SDG
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

৪৮তম বিশেষ বিসিএস [স্বাস্থ্য] ⎯ মেডিকেল অংশ [Archived]

৪৮তম বিশেষ বিসিএস [স্বাস্থ্য] ⎯ মেডিকেল অংশ [Archived] · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ৪০ প্রশ্ন

১.
Which of the following is the most significant indicator of water pollution affecting public health?
  1. ক
    Total dissolved solids (TDS)
  2. খ
    Fecal coliform count
  3. গ
    Turbidity
  4. ঘ
    pH of water
ব্যাখ্যা
Fecal coliforms, especially Escherichia coli, are considered the most important indicators of fecal contamination in water. Their presence indicates a risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Testing for fecal coliforms is a standard measure for assessing the microbial safety of drinking water.
২.
What is the maximum permissible fluoride level in drinking water for preventing fluorosis?
  1. ক
    0.5 mg/L
  2. খ
    1.0 mg/L
  3. গ
    1.5 mg/L
  4. ঘ
    2.0 mg/L
ব্যাখ্যা
According to WHO and national standards, 1.0 mg/L is considered safe. Above this level increases the risk of dental or skeletal fluorosis.
৩.
Which of the following communication methods is most effective in low-literacy populations?
  1. ক
    Booklet
  2. খ
    Flip charts with visuals
  3. গ
    SMS messaging
  4. ঘ
    Newsletter
ব্যাখ্যা
Flip charts use pictures and symbols that can be understood by individuals regardless of literacy level and are ideal for community-level sessions.
৪.
Which vaccine under the Universal Immunization Programme is administered at birth?
  1. ক
    DPT
  2. খ
    OPV-1
  3. গ
    BCG
  4. ঘ
    Measles
ব্যাখ্যা
As per the EPI schedule in India and similar guidelines in other countries, BCG (for tuberculosis) and OPV-0 (oral polio vaccine) are given at birth. However, BCG is a key birth dose because it provides protection against severe forms of childhood tuberculosis, such as miliary TB and TB meningitis.
৫.
hich method is best for large-scale water purification in urban areas?
  1. ক
    Chlorination
  2. খ
    Boiling
  3. গ
    Filtration
  4. ঘ
    UV disinfection
ব্যাখ্যা
Chlorination is cost-effective, widely used, and capable of killing most waterborne pathogens, making it ideal for community-level water safety.
৬.
Which one of the following is an example of two-way communication?
  1. ক
    Television
  2. খ
    Radio
  3. গ
    Group discussion
  4. ঘ
    Posters
ব্যাখ্যা

Group discussion allows interaction, questioning, and exchange of ideas—hallmarks of two-way communication, which is more effective than one-way formats.

৭.
Which component of pentavalent vaccine protects against meningitis?
  1. ক
    DPT
  2. খ
    Hepatitis B
  3. গ
    Hib
  4. ঘ
    None
ব্যাখ্যা
The Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) component protects against serious infections like meningitis, pneumonia, and septicemia in young children.
৮.
What is the most sensitive indicator of long-term air pollution exposure?
  1. ক
    Carbon monoxide level
  2. খ
    Suspended particulate matter (PM2.5)
  3. গ
    Nitrogen dioxide level
  4. ঘ
    Ozone level
ব্যাখ্যা
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) penetrates deep into the lungs and is associated with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. It's a key long-term pollution indicator.
৯.
Which contraceptive method is preferred in a woman who has just delivered and is breastfeeding?
  1. ক
    Combined oral contraceptives
  2. খ
    Copper-T
  3. গ
    Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
  4. ঘ
    Progestin-only pills
ব্যাখ্যা
Progestin-only pills (POP) are safe during lactation and do not affect milk production, unlike combined pills which contain estrogen.
১০.
Dependency ratio is calculated using which population group?
  1. ক
    <15 and >60 years
  2. খ
    <5 and >70 years
  3. গ
    15–60 years
  4. ঘ
    Working age group only
ব্যাখ্যা
Dependency ratio = (Population <15 + >60) / (15–59 age group)
It measures the burden on the working-age population.00:25 AM
১১.
Which of the following best represents the strength of association in a case-control study?
  1. ক
    Relative Risk
  2. খ
    Prevalence Ratio
  3. গ
    Odds Ratio
  4. ঘ
    Attributable Risk
ব্যাখ্যা
In case-control studies, we start with disease and look back for exposure. Since incidence can't be measured, odds ratio is used as an estimate of risk.
১২.
The best study design to identify risk factors for a rare disease is:
  1. ক
    Cohort study
  2. খ
    Randomized trial
  3. গ
    Case-control study
  4. ঘ
    Cross-sectional study
ব্যাখ্যা
Case-control studies are efficient for rare diseases as they start with cases and look for past exposure. Cohort studies are better for rare exposures.
১৩.
Cold chain system is designed to maintain vaccine temperature from:
  1. ক
    Manufacturer to recipient
  2. খ
    District to subcenter
  3. গ
    Block to village
  4. ঘ
    Hospital to PHC
ব্যাখ্যা
Cold chain ensures potency of vaccines from the point of manufacture to the point of administration, maintaining temperature typically between 2–8°C.
১৪.
Which of the following vaccines is most heat sensitive?
  1. ক
    OPV
  2. খ
    BCG
  3. গ
    Hepatitis B
  4. ঘ
    Tetanus toxoid
ব্যাখ্যা
Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is highly heat-sensitive due to live attenuated virus. It is stored at −20°C and loses potency rapidly if not maintained.
১৫.
Minimum number of antenatal visits recommended by WHO is:
  1. ক
    2
  2. খ
    3
  3. গ
    4
  4. ঘ
    5
ব্যাখ্যা
WHO recommends a minimum of 4 focused antenatal visits to ensure early detection and management of complications.00:30 AM
১৬.
A child is classified as low birth weight if weight is below:
  1. ক
    1000 g
  2. খ
    1500 g
  3. গ
    2000 g
  4. ঘ
    2500 g
ব্যাখ্যা
According to WHO, <2500 g birth weight is classified as low birth weight (LBW) and is a key risk factor for neonatal morbidity.00:31 AM
১৭.
Which of the following is the most effective reversible contraceptive?
  1. ক
    IUCD
  2. খ
    Male condom
  3. গ
    Oral pills
  4. ঘ
    Implants
ব্যাখ্যা
Subdermal progestin implants are long-acting and >99% effective, making them the most effective reversible method.00:32 AM
 
 
১৮.
Emergency contraception is effective if taken within:
  1. ক
    12 hours
  2. খ
    24 hours
  3. গ
    48 hours
  4. ঘ
    72 hours
ব্যাখ্যা
Levonorgestrel pills or Ulipristal acetate are effective if taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. Effectiveness decreases with time.
১৯.
Crude birth rate is calculated using:
  1. ক
    Live births per 1000 females
  2. খ
    Live births per 1000 total population
  3. গ
    Live births per 1000 women aged 15–45
  4. ঘ
    All pregnancies per 1000 population
ব্যাখ্যা
CBR = (Total live births / Mid-year population) × 1000, a basic measure of fertility in the population.
২০.
The indicator of recent fecal contamination of water is:
  1. ক
    Clostridium perfringens
  2. খ
    Total bacterial count
  3. গ
    Escherichia coli
  4. ঘ
    Fecal streptococci
ব্যাখ্যা
E. coli is the most reliable indicator of recent fecal contamination of water because it is exclusively fecal in origin, survives briefly, and is easy to detect. Total bacterial count includes non-pathogenic organisms.
২১.
The most effective method for large-scale disinfection of drinking water is:
  1. ক
    Boiling
  2. খ
    Use of iodine
  3. গ
    Chlorination
  4. ঘ
    UV radiation
ব্যাখ্যা
Chlorination is the most effective and economical method for large-scale disinfection of water. It ensures bactericidal action and provides residual protection.
২২.
The best method to assess air pollution level in a city is:
  1. ক
    Measurement of dust
  2. খ
    Biological oxygen demand
  3. গ
    Air quality index
  4. ঘ
    Odor detection
ব্যাখ্যা
Air Quality Index (AQI) is a composite measure that evaluates concentrations of key pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO₂, and NO₂ to assess the overall air pollution level.
২৩.
The maximum permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water (WHO guideline) is:
  1. ক
    0.01 mg/L
  2. খ
    0.05 mg/L
  3. গ
    0.1 mg/L
  4. ঘ
    0.5 mg/L
ব্যাখ্যা
The WHO guideline limit for arsenic in drinking water is 0.01 mg/L. Chronic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, and peripheral vascular disease.
২৪.
Which of the following is an example of a greenhouse gas?
  1. ক
    Nitrogen
  2. খ
    Sulfur dioxide
  3. গ
    Carbon dioxide
  4. ঘ
    Hydrogen
ব্যাখ্যা
Carbon dioxide, along with methane and nitrous oxide, is a major greenhouse gas that traps heat and contributes to global warming and climate change.
২৫.
Which is the most sensitive indicator of air pollution?
  1. ক
    Nitrogen dioxide
  2. খ
    Particulate matter (PM2.5)
  3. গ
    Ozone
  4. ঘ
    Sulfur dioxide
ব্যাখ্যা
PM2.5 particles are fine, inhalable, and reach deep into the lungs. They are the most sensitive and harmful indicator of air quality, especially for cardiovascular and respiratory health.
২৬.
Which of the following is the commonest source of noise pollution in urban areas?
  1. ক
    Industrial machinery
  2. খ
    Loudspeakers
  3. গ
    Traffic
  4. ঘ
    Aircraft
ব্যাখ্যা
In urban areas, road traffic is the major source of noise pollution, especially from honking, engines, and tire friction. Chronic exposure leads to stress and hearing loss.
২৭.
The most effective method for changing health behavior is:
  1. ক
    Mass media
  2. খ
    Individual counseling
  3. গ
    Leaflet distribution
  4. ঘ
    Posters and banners
ব্যাখ্যা
Individual or interpersonal communication allows for trust-building, addressing personal barriers, and tailoring the message—making it the most effective method for behavior change.00:44 AM
 
 
২৮.
Which of the following study designs is best suited for determining the incidence of a disease?
  1. ক
    Cross-sectional study
  2. খ
    Case-control study
  3. গ
    Cohort study
  4. ঘ
    Ecological study
ব্যাখ্যা

A cohort study follows a group of individuals over time and measures the occurrence of new cases (incidence) of disease. It is prospective and can establish temporal relationships, making it ideal for studying risk factors and calculating incidence rates.

২৯.
According to WHO, what is the minimum number of antenatal visits recommended for an uncomplicated pregnancy?
  1. ক
    2
  2. খ
    3
  3. গ
    4
  4. ঘ
    5
ব্যাখ্যা

The WHO recommends a minimum of 4 antenatal visits for an uncomplicated pregnancy to ensure optimal maternal and fetal outcomes. These visits are used for monitoring health, identifying complications, providing supplements (like iron and folic acid), and offering health education.

৩০.
The most suitable communication strategy for a pandemic outbreak (e.g., COVID-19) is:
  1. ক
    Lecture at a hospital
  2. খ
    Interpersonal counseling
  3. গ
    Mass media and social media campaigns
  4. ঘ
    Distribution of printed materials only
ব্যাখ্যা
Mass and social media allow fast, wide dissemination of preventive messages during emergencies and can rapidly influence public behavior at scale.
৩১.
Which is the most appropriate tool to evaluate the effectiveness of a health communication intervention?
  1. ক
    Pre-test only
  2. খ
    Post-test only
  3. গ
    Pre- and post-intervention survey
  4. ঘ
    Mass media reach
ব্যাখ্যা
A pre- and post-intervention survey helps measure change in knowledge, attitude, or behavior, making it ideal to assess intervention effectiveness.
৩২.
What is the target year for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
  1. ক
    2015
  2. খ
    2020
  3. গ
    2030
  4. ঘ
    2040
ব্যাখ্যা
The SDGs were adopted in 2015 with a target of achieving 17 global goals by 2030, including health, education, and environment.
৩৩.
What is the best measure of association in a case-control study?
  1. ক
    Relative Risk
  2. খ
    Attributable Risk
  3. গ
    Odds Ratio
  4. ঘ
    Incidence Rate
ব্যাখ্যা
In case-control studies, odds ratio is the standard association measure because incidence rates cannot be directly calculated.
৩৪.
What is the current demographic stage of Bangladesh/India (2020s)?
  1. ক
    High stationary
  2. খ
    Early expanding
  3. গ
    Late expanding
  4. ঘ
    Declining
ব্যাখ্যা
Most South Asian countries, including Bangladesh and India, are in the late expanding stage—birth rates declining, death rates already low, leading to slow population growth.
৩৫.
Which of the following contraceptives provides protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
  1. ক
    Oral pills
  2. খ
    IUD
  3. গ
    Condom
  4. ঘ
    Implants
ব্যাখ্যা
Only male and female condoms offer dual protection—against pregnancy and STIs including HIV.
৩৬.
Which contraceptive method is most appropriate for a woman who has completed her family and desires permanent contraception?
  1. ক
    Oral contraceptive pills
  2. খ
    Copper-T
  3. গ
    Injectable DMPA
  4. ঘ
    Tubectomy
ব্যাখ্যা
Tubectomy (female sterilization) is a permanent method of contraception suitable for women who do not wish to have any more children. It is highly effective, does not interfere with sexual function, and avoids the need for ongoing compliance compared to temporary methods.
৩৭.
Which contraceptive method is safe and preferred during lactation?
  1. ক
    Combined oral pills
  2. খ
    Progesterone-only pill
  3. গ
    Copper-T
  4. ঘ
    Vaginal ring
ব্যাখ্যা
Combined pills suppress lactation due to estrogen. Progesterone-only pills (POP) are safe in breastfeeding mothers and can be started 6 weeks postpartum.
৩৮.
What is the eligibility couple definition in family planning?
  1. ক
    Any woman above 15 years
  2. খ
    Currently married couple where the woman is aged 15–49 years
  3. গ
    All fertile women
  4. ঘ
    Women with at least one child
ব্যাখ্যা
In India and similar settings, eligible couple refers to a currently married couple where the woman is in reproductive age (15–49 years)—the target for FP services.
৩৯.
Which of the following supplements is universally recommended during pregnancy?
  1. ক
    Calcium
  2. খ
    Iron and folic acid
  3. গ
    Vitamin C
  4. ঘ
    Vitamin A
ব্যাখ্যা
WHO and national guidelines recommend 60 mg elemental iron + 500 mcg folic acid daily from the second trimester to prevent anemia and neural tube defects.
৪০.
Emergency contraception is effective if taken within how many hours of unprotected intercourse?
  1. ক
    12 hours
  2. খ
    24 hours
  3. গ
    72 hours
  4. ঘ
    96 hours
ব্যাখ্যা
Levonorgestrel or Ulipristal acetate can be used up to 72 hours or even 120 hours depending on the type, but the earlier it's taken, the more effective it is.