১.
Effect of Antidiuretic hormone
ব্যাখ্যা
ADH prevents diuresis. It increases reabsorption of H20.
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
মোট প্রশ্ন৩৬
সিলেবাস
Physiology-03 -
Digestion, Metabolism and Nutrition.
Kidney and body fluid - Mechanism of urine formation and concentration, Renal circulation, Renal function tests, Regulation of body fluids.
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ৩৬ প্রশ্ন
২.
Interstitial fluid is an ultrafiltrate of
ব্যাখ্যা
Interstitial fluid is three-fourths of the ECF. Thus, it is one-fourth of TBW. The composition of interstitial fluid is the same as that of plasma except that it has little protein. Thus, interstitial fluid is an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
৩.
Substances completely reabsorbed by kidney
ব্যাখ্যা
Glucose is completely reabsorbed by kidney unless any abnormality.
৪.
The average blood volume of adults is about ... litres?
ব্যাখ্যা
The average blood volume of adults is about 7% of body weight, or about 5 litres. About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is red blood cells, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on sex, weight, and other factors.
৫.
Substances that freely filtered but not reabsorbed by the kidney -
ব্যাখ্যা
That is why inulin clearance is used for measurement of GFR.
৬.
Most of the absorption takes place in
ব্যাখ্যা
PCT has maximum capacity of reabsorption. Most of the reabsorption takes place here.
৭.
The glomerular capillaries cannot filtrate...?
ব্যাখ্যা
The renal artery enters the kidney through the hilum and then branches progressively to form the interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries (also called radial arteries), and afferent arterioles, which lead to the glomerular capillaries, where large amounts of fluid and solutes (except the plasma proteins) are filtered to begin urine formation.
৮.
Net filtration pressure ___mm Hg
ব্যাখ্যা
10 mmHg net filtration pressure cause filtration in the glomerulus.
৯.
The percentage of TBW in new-borns
ব্যাখ্যা
Total body water (TBW) is approximately 60% of body weight. Body water is inversely proportional to body fat. The percentage of TBW is highest in new-borns then in adult males and lowest in adult females and in adults with a large amount of adipose tissue.
১০.
Renin is secreted from
ব্যাখ্যা
JG cells secrets renin.
১১.
Presence of positive benedict's test indicate that there might be a problem in
ব্যাখ্যা
Benedict test is used to detect glucose which is reabsorbed in PCT.
১২.
Ghrelin is released by the
ব্যাখ্যা
Ghrelin is released by the stomach.
১৩.
When hunger contractions occur in the stomach, the person sometimes experiences mild pain in the pit of the stomach, called
ব্যাখ্যা
When hunger contractions occur in the stomach, the person sometimes experiences mild pain in the pit of the stomach, called hunger pangs.
১৪.
Normally tubular reabsorption is ___ L/day?
ব্যাখ্যা
Normally, GFR is about 180 L/day, and tubular reabsorption is 178.5 L/day, leaving 1.5 L/day of fluid to be excreted in the urine.
১৫.
Activator of pepsinogens
ব্যাখ্যা
HCl activates pepsinogen to active pepsin.
১৬.
Activator of salivary α-amylase
ব্যাখ্যা
Cl- activates salivary alpha amylase.
১৭.
About what % of ICF in human body is fluid?
ব্যাখ্যা
60% of TBW is fluid where 40% is ICF & 20 is ECF
১৮.
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (mmHg)
১৯.
Fluid output through sweat (ml) in normal condition?
২০.
ICF & ISF are separated by
২১.
Organic substances excreted in urine excludes
২২.
Which part of renal tubule is never permeable to NaCl?
২৩.
Which decreases PO4- reabsorption?
২৪.
Which increases GFR?
২৫.
What is the rate of urine excretion (ml/min)?
২৬.
Which of transporter is used by all of the monosaccharides?
২৭.
Lactase enzyme is derived from
২৮.
Large intestine secretion is devoid of
২৯.
Which one may be acidic?
৩০.
Accessory digestive organs exclude
ব্যাখ্যা
Accessory digestive organs are those which help primary digestive organs in the process of digestion. Accessory digestive organs are:
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Exocrine part of pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder
৩১.
Absence of intrinsic factor of castle may lead to
ব্যাখ্যা
Intrinsic factor of Castle, secreted by parietal cells of gastric glands plays an important role in erythropoiesis. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (which is called extrinsic factor) from GI tract into the blood. Vitamin B12 is an important maturation factor during erythropoiesis. Absence of intrinsic factor in gastric juice causes deficiency of vitamin B12, leading to pernicious anaemia.
৩২.
Which one is gold standard for measurement of GFR?
ব্যাখ্যা
Following can be taken as a measure of GFR:
1. Inulin clearance
2. Creatinine clearance and
3. Urea clearance
Inulin clearance – the gold standard of physiologists - is not practical or necessary in clinical practice. Clinically creatinine clearance is widely used. Urea clearance is not an accurate measure of GFR
৩৩.
Urea is the metabolic waste product of
ব্যাখ্যা
Important waste products excreted by kidneys
Urea from protein
Uric acid from nucleic acids
Creatinine from muscle creatine
Bilirubin from Haemoglobin breakdown
৩৪.
Presence of which particle in urine indicates UTI?
ব্যাখ্যা
Presence of nitrite in urine indicates presence of bacteria in urine since some bacteria convert nitrate into nitrite in urine.
৩৫.
Digestion of proteins does not occur in
ব্যাখ্যা
Digestion of proteins does not occur in mouth, since saliva does not contain any proteolytic enzymes. So, the digestion of proteins starts only in stomach.
৩৬.
Absorption of amino acid is slower in
ব্যাখ্যা
Absorption of amino acids is faster in duodenum and jejunum and slower in ileum.