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স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

পরীক্ষাস্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্সতারিখতারিখ অনির্ধারিতসময়20 minutes
মোট প্রশ্ন৩০
সিলেবাস
টপিক: Sentences & Transformations উৎস: প্রচলিত যেকোনো গাইড বই, High School English Grammar and Composition by Wren and Martin, Advanced Learner's Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain, A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hossain, Applied English Grammar and Composition by P. C. Das, English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy, Cliffs TOEFL Dictionaries (Oxford, Cambridge, Merriam-Webster etc.) [সকল বই পড়া জরুরি নয়। গাইড বইয়ের পাশাপাশি উপর্যুক্ত বইগুলোর যেকোনো একটি বেছে নিন]
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ৩০ প্রশ্ন

.
Which one of the following is an Imperative sentence?
  1. How lovely the weather is!
  2. Please pass the salt.
  3. What a fantastic movie!
  4. I wonder if it will rain.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Please pass the salt.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Please pass the salt.
ব্যাখ্যা
Please pass the salt. - is an Imperative sentence.

Imperative sentence:
- যে sentence-এ কোন আদেশ (order), উপদেশ (advice), অনুরোধ (request)- প্রকাশিত হয় তাকে Imperative sentence বলে।
যেমন:
- আদেশ বুঝাতে, Mother: Rahim, go home.
- উপদেশ বুঝাতে, Doctor: Take this medicine every other day.

গঠন:
- Imperative sentence-এর বক্তব্যটি (আদেশ, অনুরোধ, উপদেশ) second person বা you কে লক্ষ্য করে বলা হয়।
- কিন্তু এই you বাক্যে উহ্য থাকে। অর্থাৎ,
⇒Imperative sentence-এর subject হলো second person (you) যা উহ্য থাকে।
⇒ Sentence শুরু হয় principal verb দিয়ে।

- Verb-এর পরবর্তী সমস্ত অংশকে extension বলা হচ্ছে।
যেমন: (you) Do the work. 

এখানে,
- Do হচ্ছে Principal verb.
- the work হচ্ছে extension.

- Please (or, Kindly), show me the way to the nearest market. 
- অনুরোধ বা requset বুঝাতে imperative sentence-এর প্রথমে বা শেষে Please বা Kindly শব্দটি যোগ করতে হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain
.
Identify the passive form of the following sentence: "Who has shattered this pitcher?"
  1. By whom has this pitcher shattered?
  2. By whom this pitcher has been shattered?
  3. Whom has this pitcher been shattered?
  4. By whom has this pitcher been shattered?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom has this pitcher been shattered?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom has this pitcher been shattered?
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Who has shattered this pitcher?
Passive Voice: By whom has this pitcher been shattered?

- Who দ্বারা শুরু হওয়া বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে passive voice এর শুরুতে By whom, তারপর একটি auxiliary verb তারপর sentence এর subject বসে।
- Auxiliary verb টি subject এর number ও person অনুযায়ী হয়।
- Interrogative বাক্যের passive voice interrogative বাক্যই হয়। 

More example: 
Active Voice: Who has misplaced the key?
Passive Voice: By whom has the key been misplaced?

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
.
"The dog barked loudly, so the neighbors complained." This is a -
  1. Complex Sentence
  2. Exclamatory Sentence
  3. Compound Sentence
  4. Imperative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Compound Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Compound Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
"The dog barked loudly, so the neighbors complained." This is a - Compound Sentence.

Compound Sentence :
- যে বাক্যে একাধিক Principal Clause 'Coordinating Conjunction' দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।
Compound Sentence গঠনের শর্ত হচ্ছে-
- বাক্যে একের অধিক Principal Clause থাকবে।
- বাক্যে এক বা একাধিক Coordinating Conjunction থাকবে।

- and, or, but, both, fewer than, neither, and, not only.... but also, no less than, neither... nor, either... or, otherwise, still, yet, nevertheless, on the contrary, while, whereas, only, so, therefore, consequently, for- ইত্যাদি Coordinating Conjunction দ্বারা Compound Sentence গঠিত হয়।

- The dog barked loudly, so the neighbors complained. বাক্যটিতে 'so' Coordinating Conjunction রয়েছে  এবং দুইটি Prinipal Sentence কে 'so' Coordinating Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত করা হয়েছে। তাই বাক্যটি একটি Compound Sentence.

More Examples of Compound Sentence:
- The project was challenging, yet we completed it ahead of schedule and under budget.
- I wanted to go to the party, but I had to finish my homework.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain
.
Make it comparative: "Marie Curie is the most groundbreaking of all female scientists."
  1. Marie Curie is groundbreaking than all other female scientists.
  2. Marie Curie is more groundbreaking than all other female scientists.
  3. Marie Curie is groundbreaking than most other female scientists.
  4. Marie Curie is more groundbreaking than most other female scientists.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Marie Curie is more groundbreaking than all other female scientists.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Marie Curie is more groundbreaking than all other female scientists.
ব্যাখ্যা
Superlative Sentence: Marie Curie is the most groundbreaking of all female scientists.
Comparative Sentence: Marie Curie is more groundbreaking than all other female scientists.

'Of all' যুক্ত sentence কে comparative করার নিয়ম - 
- প্রথম subject প্রথমেই + verb + superlative এর comparative form + than all other + বাকি অংশ। 

More Example:
Superlative sentence: Albert Einstein is the most influential of all theoretical physicists.
Comparative sentence: Albert Einstein is more influential than all other theoretical physicists.

Source: Advanced Learner’s Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
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Make it complex: "Having mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards."
  1. She had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.
  2. She began creating beautifully crafted cards so she had to master the art of calligraphy.
  3. Therefore she mastered the art of calligraphy she began creating beautifully crafted cards..
  4. When she had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.
সঠিক উত্তর:
When she had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
When she had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence:
- Simple Sentence এ Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত থাকে।
- Complex Sentence করার ক্ষেত্রে Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে। এরপরে, Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ বসে।

Simple Sentence: Having mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.
Complex Sentence: When she had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.

- এ বাক্যে প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসেছে।
- তারপর Subject - she বসেছে।
- এরপর had + Verb এর past participle form - mastered বসেছে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।
 
More Examples:
Simple Sentence: Having studied computer programming, he launched his own software development company.
Complex Sentence: When he had studied computer programming, he launched his own software development company.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
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The skyscraper is taller than the historic building. (Make it Positive)
  1. The historic building is not so tall as the skyscraper.
  2. The skyscraper is not tall as the historic building.
  3. The historic building is not tall than the skyscraper.
  4. The historic building not less tall than the skyscraper.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The historic building is not so tall as the skyscraper.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The historic building is not so tall as the skyscraper.
ব্যাখ্যা
Comparative Sentence: The skyscraper is taller than the historic building.
Positive Sentence: The historic building is not so tall as the skyscraper.

• Than যুক্ত comparative sentence কে positive করার নিয়ম: 
→ প্রদত্ত sentence এর than এর পরের অংশ প্রথমে বসে। 
→ এরপরে verb বসে। 
→ 'verb' এর পর not বসে। 
→ 'not' এর পর so বসে। 
→ 'so' এর পর comparative degree এর positive form বসে। 
→ 'positive form' এর পর as বসে। 
→ 'as' এর পর প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম subject বসে। 

• Affirmative sentence - এর positive degree - তে ‘as...as’ এবং negative sentence - এ `so...as’ ব্যবহৃত হয়।

More Examples:
Comparative Sentence: The marathon is longer than the sprint.
Positive Sentence: The sprint is not so long as the marathon.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
.
"Honor Bangabandhu's legacy by promoting unity and fostering progress in our community." This is an-
  1. Optative Sentence
  2. Interrogative Sentence
  3. Exclamatory Sentence
  4. Imperative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Imperative Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Imperative Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
Imperative Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ কোন আদেশ (order), উপদেশ (advice), অনুরোধ (request)- প্রকাশিত হয় তাকে Imperative sentence বলে।
যেমন:
- আদেশ বুঝাতে, Father: Karim, go home.
- উপদেশ বুঝাতে, Doctor: Take this medicine every other day.

গঠন:
- Imperative sentence-এর বক্তব্যটি (আদেশ, অনুরোধ, উপদেশ) second person বা you কে লক্ষ্য করে বলা হয়।
- কিন্তু এই you বাক্যে উহ্য থাকে। অর্থাৎ,
⇒ Imperative sentence-এর subject হলো second person (you) যা উহ্য থাকে।
⇒ Sentence শুরু হয় principal verb দিয়ে।

- Verb-এর পরবর্তী সমস্ত অংশকে extension বলা হচ্ছে।
যেমন: (you) Do the work. 

এখানে,
- Do হচ্ছে Principal verb.
- the work হচ্ছে extension.

"Honor Bangabandhu's legacy by promoting unity and fostering progress in our community." 
- বাক্যটি Imperative Sentence.
- বাক্যটিতে 'উপদেশ' বোঝানো হয়েছে।
- বাক্যটির subject 'you' উহ্য রয়েছে।
- এখানে, Principal Verb হিসেবে রয়েছে: Honor.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
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"Though Taher studied hard for the exam, he didn't perform well." This is a -
  1. Compound Sentence
  2. Complex Sentence
  3. Simple Sentence
  4. Optative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
- Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত:
if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while ইত্যাদি থাকে।

যেমন,
- Though Taher studied hard for the exam, he didn't perform well.
- বাক্যটির Subordinate Clause- এর শুরুতে Though থাকায় বাক্যটি Complex Sentence.

More Examples of Complex Sentences:
- Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk in the park.
Because she had missed the bus, she had to call a cab to get to work.
- After the movie ended, we went to a nearby cafe for some coffee.
- Since they lived far away, they only visited their grandparents during the holidays.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
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Which one of the following is an Exclamatory sentence?
  1. He needs to study for the exam.
  2. Stop making noise.
  3. Let's celebrate your success.
  4. How incredible that performance was!
সঠিক উত্তর:
How incredible that performance was!
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
How incredible that performance was!
ব্যাখ্যা
How incredible that performance was! - is an Exclamatory Sentence.

Exclamatory Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ বক্তার মনের আকস্মিক আবেগ-দুঃখ, রাগ, বিস্ময়, সুখ ইত্যাদি- সক্রিয়ভাবে প্রকাশ পায় তাকে বলে Exclamatory Sentence. যেমন,
How nice the bird is! (কি সুন্দর পাখিটি!)
- বাক্যটিতে বক্তার মনের একটি আকস্মিক আবেগ আনন্দ বা বিস্ময় সক্রিয়ভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে। এটি হলো একটি Exclamatory Sentence. 

Exclamatory Sentence- এ,
- মানব মনের আকস্মিক আবেগ প্রকাশ করে।
- Verb এর আগে subject বসে।
- বাক্যটির শেষে একটি note of exclamation বা বিস্ময়বোধক চিহ্ন (!) ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- বাক্যটি What এবং How দিয়ে শুরু হয়।
- What দিয়ে Exclamatory Sentence শুরু হলে What এর পর 'a' বা 'an' বসে।

More Examples of Exclamatory Sentences:
- How incredible the view from here is!
- What a stunning dress she is wearing!
- What a talented musician she is!

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
১০.
Change it into simple: "It is sure that the new technology will revolutionize the industry."
  1. The new technology will revolutionize the industry sure.
  2. Surely, the new technology will revolutionize the industry.
  3. Sure is that the new technology will revolutionize the industry.
  4. The new technology will revolutionize the industry for surely.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Surely, the new technology will revolutionize the industry.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Surely, the new technology will revolutionize the industry.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex to simple: 
- Complex sentence এ 'it is sure' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is surely' এর পরিবর্তে surely হবে।
- It is sure এর পরের relative pronoun টি বাদ যাবে, এরপরে বাকি sentence টি বসবে।

Complex Sentence: It is sure that the new technology will revolutionize the industry.
Simple Sentence: Surely, the new technology will revolutionize the industry.

অন্য দিকে, 
- Complex sentence এ 'it is certain' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is certain' এর পরিবর্তে certainly হবে।
- Complex sentence এ 'it is suddden' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is sudden' এর পরিবর্তে suddenly হবে।
- Complex sentence এ 'it is clear' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is clear' এর পরিবর্তে clearly হবে।
- Complex sentence এ 'it is definite' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is definite' এর পরিবর্তে definitely হবে।

যেমন:
Complex Sentence: It is clear that the project is progressing well.
Simple Sentence: Clearly, the project is progressing well.

Complex Sentence: It was sudden that he lost his mobile.
Simple Sentence: Suddenly, he lost his mobile.

Complex Sentence: It is definite that the event will take place.
Simple Sentence: Definitely, the event will take place.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
১১.
Which of the following sentences is Complex?
  1. She went to the store, and she bought some groceries.
  2. The sun was setting, and the sky turned orange.
  3. The cat slept on the windowsill.
  4. After the storm passed, we went outside.
সঠিক উত্তর:
After the storm passed, we went outside.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
After the storm passed, we went outside.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
- Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত:
if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while ইত্যাদি থাকে।

যেমন,
- After the storm passed, we went outside.
- বাক্যটির Subordinate Clause- এর শুরুতে After থাকায় বাক্যটি Complex Sentence.

More Examples of Complex Sentences:
- Though he was warned, he still ventured into the restricted area.
- Since they had studied in advance, the students felt confident during the exam.
- Because the traffic was terrible, they arrived at the party much later than planned.
- Even if it rains, the outdoor wedding will proceed as scheduled.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১২.
Change the following sentence into a simple sentence: "When it is foggy weather, the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place."
  1. It is Foggy weather while the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.
  2. It is Foggy weather the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.
  3. At the age of Foggy weather the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.
  4. In Foggy weather, the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.
সঠিক উত্তর:
In Foggy weather, the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
In Foggy weather, the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.
ব্যাখ্যা
When যুক্ত সময় নির্দেশক Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 

- When clause এ ছোট সময়/ বয়স/ ঋতুর উল্লেখ থাকলে, 
1) When উঠে যায়।
2) When এর পরে যে Subject ও Verb থাকে তা উঠে যায়।
3) ছোট সময় বুঝালে at/in বসে, ঋতু থাকলে তার পূর্বে in বসে, বয়সের উল্লেখ থাকলে তার পূর্বে at the age of বসে।
4) পরবর্তী clause অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। 

Complex Sentence: When it is foggy weather, the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.
Simple Sentence: In Foggy weather, the world becomes a mysterious and enchanting place.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৩.
"Study the map carefully, else you may get lost in the unfamiliar city." This is a-
  1. Compound Sentence
  2. Complex Sentence
  3. Simple Sentence
  4. Interrogative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Compound Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Compound Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
"Study the map carefully, else you may get lost in the unfamiliar city." This is a- Compound Sentence.

Compound Sentence:
- যে বাক্যে একাধিক Principal Clause 'Coordinating Conjunction' দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।
Compound Sentence গঠনের শর্ত হচ্ছে-
- বাক্যে একের অধিক Principal Clause থাকবে।
- বাক্যে এক বা একাধিক Coordinating Conjunction থাকবে।

- and, or, but, both, fewer than, neither, and, not only.... but also, no less than, neither... nor, either... or, otherwise, still, yet, else, nevertheless, on the contrary, while, whereas, only, so, therefore, consequently, for- ইত্যাদি Coordinating Conjunction দ্বারা Compound Sentence গঠিত হয়।

- Study the map carefully, else you may get lost in the unfamiliar city. বাক্যটিতে 'else' Coordinating Conjunction রয়েছে এবং দুইটি Prinipal Sentence কে 'else' Coordinating Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত করা হয়েছে। তাই, বাক্যটি একটি Compound Sentence.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
১৪.
What kind of sentence it is? "Be careful on the stairs."
  1. Exclamatory Sentence
  2. Optative Sentence
  3. Interrogative Sentence
  4. Imperative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Imperative Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Imperative Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
Imperative sentence:
- যে sentence-এ কোন আদেশ (order), উপদেশ (advice), অনুরোধ (request)- প্রকাশিত হয় তাকে Imperative sentence বলে।
- "Be careful on the stairs."- বাক্যটিতে উপদেশ বোঝানো হয়েছে।
- বাক্যটিতে 'you' ঊহ্য রয়েছে।
- তাই এটি Imperative Sentence.

Example Sentence:
- Be respectful to your elders.
- Be patient; your turn will come.
- Be honest with yourself.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
১৫.
Very few kings were so brave as Chandragupta Maurya. (Comparative)
  1. Chandragupta Maurya was braver of all other kings.
  2. Chandragupta Maurya was braver than most other kings.
  3. Chandragupta Maurya was braver of most other kings.
  4. Chandragupta Maurya was braver of all kings.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Chandragupta Maurya was braver than most other kings.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Chandragupta Maurya was braver than most other kings.
ব্যাখ্যা
Very few যুক্ত Positive Degree কে Comparative Degree-তে পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
Subject + Verb + Positive Degree এর Comparative form + than most other + very few-এর পর থেকে verb-এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত অংশ।

Examples:
Positive Sentence: Very few kings were so brave as Chandragupta Maurya.
Comparative Sentence: Chandragupta Maurya was braver than most other kings.

Positive Sentence: Very few metals are as strong as iron.
Comparative Sentence: Iron is stronger than most other metals.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
১৬.
"The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of all the oceans, covering more than 63 million square miles." This is an example of-
  1. Comparative Degree
  2. Superlative Degree
  3. Positive Degree
  4. None of these
সঠিক উত্তর:
Superlative Degree
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Superlative Degree
ব্যাখ্যা
Superlative Degree:
সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।

More Examples:
- The Eiffel Tower is the tallest structure in Paris.
- The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of all the oceans, covering more than 63 million square miles.
- She sang the song most beautifully of all the contestants.
- That was the best concert I've ever attended.
- The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth.
- The Grand Canyon is the most breathtaking natural wonder.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
১৭.
"We should cherish our nation." Transform it into Imperative.
  1. Cherish our nation.
  2. We may not hate our country.
  3. Should cherish our nation.
  4. Let us cherish our nation.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let us cherish our nation.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let us cherish our nation.
ব্যাখ্যা
Assertive Sentence এর subject যদি First person বা Third person হয়, তবে তাকে Imperative করার নিয়ম:

Structure: Let + প্রদত্ত subject টির objective form + প্রদত্ত sentence এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Assertive Sentence: We should cherish our nation.
Imperative Sentence: We should cherish our nation.

More Examples:
Assertive Sentence: He plays football.
Imperative Sentence: Let him play football.

Assertive Sentence: We should go out.
Imperative Sentence: Let us go out.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৮.
Transform the simple sentence "In spite of his having a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work." into a complex sentence.
  1. Although he was a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
  2. Although he has a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
  3. Although he been a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work. .
  4. Although he had a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Although he has a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Although he has a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple sentence: In spite of his having a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
Complex sentence: Although he has a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.

• In spite of যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- In spite এর পরিবর্তে Though/Although বসে + subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Examples:
Simple: In spite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex: Although he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Simple: In spite of his having many friends, he often feels lonely.
Complex: Although he has many friends, he often feels lonely.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৯.
Which one of the following is an Optative sentence?
  1. The answer is clear.
  2. I can't believe you said that.
  3. May your dreams come true.
  4. Why don't we go for a swim?
সঠিক উত্তর:
May your dreams come true.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
May your dreams come true.
ব্যাখ্যা
"May your dreams come true." - is an Optative Sentence.

Optative Sentence:
- যে বাক্য দ্বারা মনের ইচ্ছা বা কামনা, প্রার্থনা এসব বুঝায় তাকে Optative Sentence বলে।
যেমন: May you live long. 
- বাক্যটিতে বক্তা (speaker) অন্য একজন ব্যক্তির (you-এর) দীর্ঘ জীবন কামনা করছে।
- তাই বাক্যটি Optative Sentence.

Optative Sentence চেনার উপায়:
- Optative Sentence-এর প্রথমে সাধারণত may-verbটি বসে। যেমন: May
- তারপর যার জন্য কামনা করা হচ্ছে তার noun বা pronoun বসে। যেমন: May you
- এরপরে যে কাজটি ঘটুক বলে কামনা করা হচ্ছে তা (bare infinitive; s/es/ing/ed-ছাড়া) বসবে। যেমন: May you live
- প্রয়োজনীয় word এরপরে যুক্ত করে বাক্য কে অর্থপূর্ণ করতে হবে। যেমন: May you live long.

More Examples of Optative Sentences:
- May your journey be safe and enjoyable.
- May you find success in every step you take.
- May your days be filled with laughter and joy.
- May peace prevail in the world.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২০.
"What an idea!" Transform it into Assertive.
  1. It is a very good idea.
  2. It is more excellent idea.
  3. It is a great idea.
  4. It is a very great idea.
সঠিক উত্তর:
It is a great idea.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
It is a great idea.
ব্যাখ্যা
Exclamatory Sentence: What an idea!
Assertive Sentence: It is a great idea.

Exclamatory sentence থেকে Assertive sentence রূপান্তর করার উপায়:
- প্রথমে subject বসে + verb + a/an + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ।
- 'What' থাকলে a/an বসে, 'How' থাকলে a/an বসে না।
- প্রদত্ত Assertive Sentence- এ adjective হচ্ছে 'great' এবং এর পূর্বে 'a' বসেছে।

More Examples:
Exclamatory Sentence: What a beautiful garden it is!
Assertive Sentence: It is a very beautiful garden.

Exclamatory Sentence: How beautiful the garden is!
Assertive Sentence: The garden is very beautiful.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২১.
Find out the active form of the sentence: "By whom can our nation be maintained?"
  1. Our nation has been maintained by who?
  2. Who can maintain our nation?
  3. Who maintains our nation?
  4. Who will maintain our nation?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Who can maintain our nation?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Who can maintain our nation?
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: By whom can our nation be maintained?
Passive Voice: Who can maintain our nation?

Passive Voice এ By whom থাকলে Active Voice করতে হলে –
- Subject হিসেবে Who বসে।
- কোনো Modal Auxiliary থাকলে তা who এর পরে বসবে। (এখানে, can বসেছে)
- 'be' বাদ যাবে।
- বাদ যাওয়া 'be verb' যে form এ ছিল, মূল Verb- ঐ form এ বসবে।
- এখানে be verb – Base Form এ ছিল, তাই মূল verb ও base form এ বসবে (এখানে, maintain বসেছে)। 
- Passive Voice এর Subject - Object হয়ে বসবে। 

More examples:
Active Voice: By whom was this masterpiece painted?
Passive Voice: Who painted this masterpiece?

Active Voice: By whom were these policies implemented?
Passive Voice: Who implemented these policies?

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.

২২.
Which sentence doesn't use the positive degree?
  1. Very few desserts are as delicious as homemade apple pie.
  2. No other city is as vibrant as Tokyo during cherry blossom season.
  3. Mount Kilimanjaro is taller than any other mountain in Africa.
  4. Very few films are as impactful as "Schindler's List."
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mount Kilimanjaro is taller than any other mountain in Africa.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mount Kilimanjaro is taller than any other mountain in Africa.
ব্যাখ্যা
Positive Degree চেনার উপায়:
- Positive Degree- তে "Very few....as...as/so....as....." অথবা "No other.....as....as...." বসে।

Comparative Degree চেনার উপায়:
- Comparative Degree- তে "than any other/than all other/than most other" বসে।

- Very few desserts are as delicious as homemade apple pie. - Positive Degree
- No other city is as vibrant as Tokyo during cherry blossom season. - Positive Degree
- Very few films are as impactful as "Schindler's List." - Positive Degree

- Mount Kilimanjaro is taller than any other mountain in Africa. - Comparative Degree

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৩.
Identify the correct passive form: 'Refrain from shutting the door.'
  1. Let the door be shut from refraining.
  2. The door be refrained from shutting.
  3. Let the door be shut for refraining.
  4. Let the door be refrained from shutting.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the door be refrained from shutting.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the door be refrained from shutting.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Refrain from shutting the door.
Passive Voice: Let the door be refrained from shutting.

Imperative Sentence কে Passive Voice করতে হলে –
- বাক্যের শুরুতে Let বসে। 
- Active Voice এ Do not থাকলে Passive Voice এ শুধু not বসে।
- Active Voice এর Object – Subject এর স্থানে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।

More Examples:
Active Voice: Do not shut the door.
Passive Voice: Let not the door be shut.

Active Voice: Write the letter without any delay.
Passive Voice: Let the letter be written without any delay.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৪.
"Many people thought the project would fail; on the contrary, it exceeded all expectations and was a great success." This is a-
  1. Complex Sentence
  2. Compound Sentence
  3. Simple Sentence
  4. Imperative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Compound Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Compound Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound Sentence :
- যে বাক্যে একাধিক Principal Clause 'Coordinating Conjunction' দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।
Compound Sentence গঠনের শর্ত হচ্ছে-
- বাক্যে একের অধিক Principal Clause থাকবে।
- বাক্যে এক বা একাধিক Coordinating Conjunction থাকবে।

- and, or, but, both, fewer than, neither, and, not only.... but also, no less than, neither... nor, either... or, otherwise, still, yet, nevertheless, on the contrary, while, whereas, only, so, therefore, consequently, for- ইত্যাদি Coordinating Conjunction দ্বারা Compound Sentence গঠিত হয়।

- Many people thought the project would fail; on the contrary, it exceeded all expectations and was a great success.
- বাক্যটিতে 'on the contrary' এবং 'and' Coordinating Conjunction রয়েছে  এবং তিনটি Prinipal Sentence কে 'on the contrary' এবং 'and' Coordinating Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত করা হয়েছে। তাই বাক্যটি একটি Compound Sentence.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৫.
'Drive carefully lest you should encounter an accident on the slippery road.' This is a —
  1. Complex sentence
  2. Compound sentence
  3. Simple sentence
  4. Interrogative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
'Drive carefully lest you should encounter an accident on the slippery road.' This is a — Complex sentence.

Complex Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।

- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest,  though,  although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

’’Drive carefully lest you should encounter an accident on the slippery road.’’ প্রদত্ত বাক্যটিতে,
-  "Drive carefully" হচ্ছে বাক্যটির Imperative clause এবং এটি প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির main clause.
- "lest you should encounter an accident on the slippery road." হচ্ছে বাক্যটির subordinate clause যেটা conjunction "lest" দ্বারা যুক্ত।

Source:
(1) Cliff's TOEFL.
(2) A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hossain.
২৬.
Identify the Imperative Sentence.
  1. Hamid is playing well.
  2. Get Quiet.
  3. She will cook dinner now.
  4. What is your name?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Get Quiet.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Get Quiet.
ব্যাখ্যা
Imperative Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ কোন আদেশ (order), উপদেশ (advice), অনুরোধ (request)- প্রকাশিত হয় তাকে Imperative sentence বলে।
যেমন:
- আদেশ বুঝাতে, Father: Karim, go home.
- উপদেশ বুঝাতে, Doctor: Take this medicine every other day.

গঠন:
- Imperative sentence-এর বক্তব্যটি (আদেশ, অনুরোধ, উপদেশ) second person বা you কে লক্ষ্য করে বলা হয়।
- কিন্তু এই you বাক্যে উহ্য থাকে। অর্থাৎ,
⇒ Imperative sentence-এর subject হলো second person (you) যা উহ্য থাকে।
⇒ Sentence শুরু হয় principal verb দিয়ে।

- Verb-এর পরবর্তী সমস্ত অংশকে extension বলা হচ্ছে।
যেমন: (you) Do the work. 

এখানে,
- Do হচ্ছে Principal verb.
- the work হচ্ছে extension.

"Get Quiet." 
- বাক্যটি Imperative Sentence.
- বাক্যটিতে ধমকের সুরে 'আদেশ' বোঝানো হয়েছে।
- বাক্যটির subject 'you' উহ্য রয়েছে।
- এখানে, Principal Verb হিসেবে রয়েছে: 'Get.'

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৭.
Change the voice: "Nobody appreciates a gossipmonger."
  1. A gossipmonger is appreciated.
  2. A gossipmonger should not be appreciated.
  3. Everybody appreciates a gossipmonger.
  4. A gossipmonger is not appreciated by anybody.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A gossipmonger is not appreciated by anybody.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A gossipmonger is not appreciated by anybody.
ব্যাখ্যা
Passive করতে হলে,
- Active Voice এর Subject – Passive Voice- এ Object হয়।
- Active Voice এর Object – Passive Voice এ- Subject হয়।
- অতিরিক্ত be verb বসে।
- মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।
- Object এর আগে by বসে।

এই হিসেবে "Nobody appreciates a gossipmonger." এর Passive Voice
- A gossipmonger is not appreciated by anybody.
কিন্তু, Nobody = not anybody.
- আবার, No one/ None = not anyone.

More Examples:
Active Voice: Nobody trusts a traitor.
Passive Voice: A traitor is not trusted by anybody.

Active Voice: No one believes a deceiver.
Passive Voice: A deceiver is not believed by anyone.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৮.
Choose the superlative degree-
  1. The music is nice.
  2. She is a talented musician
  3. The giraffe is taller than the zebra.
  4. She is the most talented musician.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is the most talented musician.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is the most talented musician.
ব্যাখ্যা
Superlative Degree:
সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার করা হয়, তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।

She is the most talented musician.
- এখানে, সে (তাকে) অনেক মিউজিসিয়ানদের সাথে তুলনা করে most talented বলা হয়েছে।

More Examples:
- The moon is the brightest object in the night sky.
- The elephant is the heaviest land animal.
- The sun is the hottest celestial body in our solar system.
- The ostrich is the largest bird in the world.
- The Sahara Desert is the hottest desert in the world.
- The cheetah is the fastest land animal.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৯.
"Everyone adores this." Transform it into Interrogative.
  1. Does anybody adore this?
  2. Do anybody adore this?
  3. Who does not adore this?
  4. Who do not adore this?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Who does not adore this?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Who does not adore this?
ব্যাখ্যা
Assertive Sentence: Everyone adores this.
Interrogative Sentence: Who does not adore this?

- Assertive sentence হল statement বা বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য। হ্যা-বোধক বা affirmative এবং না-বোধক বা negative বাক্যকে, একত্রে assertive বাক্য বলে।
- অপরপক্ষে, Interrogative sentence হল প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য।

Assertive Sentence to Interrogative Sentence- এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Assertive-এ যদি everyone/everybody + verb থাকে, তাহলে,
- Interrogative-এ who + (Auxiliary-verb) not + verb ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

More Examples:
Assertive Sentence: Everyone likes flowers.
Interrogative Sentence: Who does not like flowers?

Assertive Sentence: Everybody has some needs.
Interrogative Sentence: Who has no needs?

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৩০.
"A closed mouth catches no flies." (Complex Sentence)
  1. Since a mouth is closing, it catches no flies.
  2. Though a mouth closes, it catches no flies.
  3. A mouth what closed catches no flies.
  4. A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।

- Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত:
if, though, although, as, because, since, that, so that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while ইত্যাদি থাকে।

A closed mouth catches no flies. একটি simple sentence.
- A closed mouth কে complex- এ লেখা যায় A mouth that (relative pronoun হিসেবে that বসবে) is closed.
-  Simple Sentence টি Present Indefinite Tense- এ আছে তাই A mouth that- এর পর 'is closed' বসেছে।
- তাহলে, প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির Complex Sentence হচ্ছে - A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.

More Example:
Simple Sentence: A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Complex Sentence: A stone that rolls, gathers no moss.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.