১৪০ দিনে ৫১তম বিসিএস প্রস্তুতি

Simile:
- A simile is an explicit comparison between two different things.
- Usually ''as'' and ''like'' are used in it.
Example:
-  My affection hath unknown bottom, like the Bay of Portugal.

- In ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” S. T. Coleridge compares the bride to a rose:
''The bride hath paced into the hall, Red as a rose is she''.

[Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.]

Notable comedy of William Shakespeare:
- Twelfth night,
- The Taming of the Shrew
- Two gentlemen of Verona,
- The Merchant of Venice,
- As you like it,
- All's well that ends well,
- A Midsummer Night Dreams,
- The tempest.

[Source: Encyclopedia Britannica.]

- Metaphor is an implicit comparison between two different things.
Ex: She's all states, and all princes, I.
Ex: Her tears were a river flowing down her cheeks.

- Hyperbole is an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally.
- Simile is an explicit comparison between two different things. Usually 'as' and 'like' are used in Simile.
- A figure of speech in which lifeless objects or ideas are given imaginary life is known as Personification.

Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement or an extreme overstatement.
Example of hyperbole:
“Ten thousand saw I at a glance”
I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain/And the salmon sing in the street- W.H. Auden
It used to create strong emotional responses.

[Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman]

The peak of importance in a play or story is called climax.
At this point the rise of action ends and the fall of action begins.
For example: Antigone’s death is the climax of Oedipus.
-  'He smiles, he laughs and he roars.' The climax is at the end of the sentnce. 

[Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman]

The Pilgrim's Progress, religious allegory by the English writer John Bunyan, published in two parts in 1678 and 1684.
The work is a symbolic vision of the good man's pilgrimage through life.
At one time second only to the Bible in popularity,
The Pilgrim's Progress is the most famous Christian allegory still in print.
Source: Britannica.

The Repetition of a consonant at the beginning of two or more words or stressed syllables is called Alliteration.
• Examples of Alliteration:
- 'Puffs, powders, patches, Bibles, billet-doux' is an example of Alliteration.
- Here 'p' has been repeated thrice and 'b' twice.
- Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
- Ruins seize thee, ruthless king!
Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr M Mofizar Rahman.

• John Keats is a famous poet of Romantic Period.
• His famous quotation:
- 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty',
- 'A thing of beauty is a joy forever',
- 'Heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter'.

[Source: Encyclopedia of Britannica.]

- John Milton is called 'Epic Poet' and 'A great master of verse in Puritan Period'.
‘Lycidas’ is a poem by John Milton, written in 1637 as a pastoral elegy.

Milton’s other great works are the two epics namely –
- ‘Paradise Lost’
- ‘Paradise Regained’

[Source: Britannica]

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
BY ROBERT FROST
Whose woods these are I think I know.   
His house is in the village though;   
He will not see me stopping here   
To watch his woods fill up with snow.   
My little horse must think it queer   
To stop without a farmhouse near   
Between the woods and frozen lake   
The darkest evening of the year.   
He gives his harness bells a shake  
To ask if there is some mistake.   
The only other sound’s the sweep   
Of easy wind and downy flake.   
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,   
But I have promises to keep,   
And miles to go before I sleep,   
And miles to go before I sleep.

[Source: poetryfoundation.org]

Heroic Tragedy:
A kind of drama written in grand and lofty style to show a disastrous end of a conflict between love and honour or love and duty.
It is developed in England during Restoration period.
Jhon Dryden is the pioneer of this kind of tragedy. 

Revenge Tragedy:
Revenge tragedy is a kind of tragedy that presents a quest for vengeance and results in bloodshed and mutilation.

Tragi-comedy:
A kind of play in which tragic and comic scenes are mingled.


[Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman]

Sonnet: A lyric poem of fourteen iambic pentameter lines.
- The first eight lines of a Petrarchan sonnet are called octave and the last six lines of Petrarchan sonnet are called sestet. 

[Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.]

Allegory is a literary term in which one story is told in the guise of another story.
- In other words, an allegory is a story of double meaning.
- Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is a well-known allegory in prose which deals with the Christian notion of a soul’s salvation.
- Dryden’s Absalom and Architople is a political allegory.

[Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr. M Mofizar Rahman]

Satire:
A literary attack on the follies and vices of an individual or a society with a view to correcting them through laughter and ridicule.
It may be in prose or in verse.
It is of two kinds: formal (direct) and informal (indirect).
Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman

 William Shakespeare is the greatest English dramatist.
- He was born on 23 April, 1564 AD and died on 23 April, 1616 AD.
- His Birth place is Stratford Avon.
- He is often called the bard of Avon.
- 'The Tempest' is a famous comedy of William Shakespeare.
 Important Character of 'The Tempest':
- Calliban,
- Ariel,
- Miranda,
- Ferdinand,
- Prosperno etc.

[Source: Encyclopedia of Britannica and The Tempest.]

- The Divine Comedy, Italian La divina commedia, original name La commedia, long narrative poem written in Italian circa 1308–21 by Dante.
- It is usually held to be one of the world’s great works of literature.
- Divided into three major sections—Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso—the narrative traces the journey of Dante from darkness and error to the revelation of the divine light, culminating in the Beatific Vision of God.

[Source: britannica]

A lyric poem mourning for the death of an individual or lamenting over a tragic event is called Elegy.
Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

Revenge Tragedy:
Revenge tragedy is a kind of tragedy that presents a quest for vengeance and results in bloodshed and mutilation.
It is modelled on the Senecan tragedy. Thomas Kyd is considered to be the father of Revenge Tragedy.
It was popular in England during the late 16th century and 17th centuries with the Elizabethan and Jacobean.

Thomas Kyd's Spanish Tragedy; John Webster's Duchess of Malfi and Shakespeare's Hamlet are famous revenge tragedies.

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

• John Dryden is the Father of Modern English Criticism.
• His famous quotations:
- They think too little who talk much.
- Jealousy is the proof of love.
- We first make our habits then habits make us.
Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Quotation.

Lyric: Lyric poetry expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet in a manner suggestive of a song.
Sonnet: a poem that has 14 lines and a particular pattern of rhyme.
Idyll: a short poem of a pastoral or rural character.
Ode: a poem expressing the writer's thoughts and feelings about a particular person or subject, usually written to that person or subject.

Personification: the act of giving a human quality or characteristic to something which is not human.
Example: ​Lightning danced across the sky.
In the given sentence, death has been treated as an apathetic human being,
hence, personification​ has been used here.

Alliteration is a term to describe a literary device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound.
In the given sentence, 'lazy lions lying' begin with 'l'.
So, alliteration is the correct answer.

Romantic comedy is a form of comedy which deals with love, often love at first sight, as it’s the main theme.
Shakespeare's “As you like it” is a romantic comedy. 

Comedy of Ideas:
A from of comedy which presents certain ideas or theories in dramatic form.
- Geroge Barnard Shaw is the pioneer of "Comedy of Ideas".
- His Man and Superman, Arms and the Man and Apple Cart are well-known example of it.

Dark/Black Comedy:
A kind of drama which portrays the meaninglessness of human existence.
Ex: Marchant of Venice, Measure for Measure - William Shakespeare.

Comedy of Humors:
A comedy in which characters behave according to their respective humors (temperaments) - choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic.
Ex: Every Man in His Humour, Every Man out of His Humour - Ben Jonson

[Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.]

An ode: An ode is a lyric poem that expresses intense feelings, such as love, respect, or praise for someone or something.
A sonnet: A sonnet uses fourteen lines, and follows iambic pentameter with five pairs of accented and unaccented syllables.
A dramatic monologue: A dramatic monologue has a theatrical quality, which means that the poem portrays a solitary speaker communing with the audience, without any dialogue coming from other characters.
An elegy: An elegy is a mournful, sad, or melancholic poem or a song that expresses sorrow for someone who has bee lost, or died.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is 'Dirge'.
Dirge: a slow sad song or piece of music, sometimes played because someone has died.
Let's look at the meaning of other options:
Sonnet: a poem that has 14 lines and a particular pattern of rhyme
Ballad: a song or poem that tells a story, or (in popular music) a slow love song
Epic: a film, poem, or book that is long and contains a lot of action, usually dealing with a historical subject.

The Faerie Queene, one of the great long poems in the English language, written in the 16th century by Edmund Spenser.
- As originally conceived, the poem was to have been a religious-moral-political allegory in 12 books, each consisting of the adventures of a knight  representing a particular moral virtue; Book I, for example, recounts the legend of the Red Cross Knight, or Holiness.
- The knights serve the Faerie Queene, who represents Glory and Queen Elizabeth I.
- The first installment of the poem (Books I–III) was published in 1590; the second (Books IV–VI), in 1596.
-The first folio edition appeared in 1609.

[Source: Britannica]

Which is a famous comedy of ideas by G.B.Shaw?

Comedy of Ideas:
A from of comedy which presents certain ideas or theories in dramatic form.
- Geroge Barnard Shaw is the pioneer of "Comedy of Ideas".
- His Man and Superman, Arms and the Man and Apple Cart are well-known example of it.

- Congreve's Way of the World is an example of the high comedy.

[Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.]

Euphemism-a word or phrase used to avoid saying an unpleasant or offensive word:
''Senior citizen'' is a euphemism for ''old person''.

[Source: dictionary.cambridge.org]

In Memoriam, in full In Memoriam A.H.H., poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, written between the years 1833 and 1850 and published anonymously in 1850.
- Consisting of 131 sections, a prologue, and an epilogue, this chiefly elegiac work examines the different stages of Tennyson’s period of mourning over the death of his close friend Arthur Henry Hallam.
- In Memoriam reflects the Victorian struggle to reconcile traditional religious faith with the emerging theories of evolution and modern geology.

[Source: Britannica.com]