৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ ফিন্যান্স ও ব্যাংকিং [৭১১]

The famous novel, The Bluest Eye, is written by - American author.

• The Bluest Eye:
- এটি Toni Morrison রচিত।
- এটি একটি novel.
- এটি ১৯৭০ সালে প্রকাশিত হয়।

• Toni Morrison ছিলেন একজন আমেরিকান Novelist, essayist এবং Editor.
- তাছাড়া তিনি Princeton University এর প্রফেসর ছিলেন।

তাঁর উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্যকর্ম গুলো -
- Beloved,
- Song of Solomon,
- The Bluest Eye.

Source: Britannica.

বাংলাদেশের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার:
- বাংলাদেশের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার বাংলাদেশের একপ্রকারের শাসন ব্যবস্থা, যার অধীনে দুইটি নির্বাচিত সরকারের মধ্যবর্তী সময়কালে সাময়িকভাবে অনির্বাচিত ব্যক্তিবর্গ কোন দেশের শাসনভার গ্রহণ করে থাকে।
- বিএনপি সরকারের পদত্যাগের পর ১৯৯৬ সালে ত্রয়োদশ সংশোধনের মাধ্যমে সংবিধানে যোগ হয় তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার পদ্ধতি।
- এই সংশোধনীর মাধ্যমে ১৯৯৬ সালে সাংবিধানিকভাবে তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার ব্যবস্থা চালু হয়।
- বিচারপতি মুহাম্মদ হাবিবুর রহমান ছিলেন সেই তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকারের প্রধান উপদেষ্টা।
- উপদেষ্টা পরিষদের বাকিরা হলেন: ব্যারিস্টার সৈয়দ ইশতিয়াক আহমেদ, ড. মুহাম্মদ ইউনূস, অর্থনীতিবিদ ড. ওয়াহিদউদ্দিন মাহমুদ, অধ্যাপক মো. শামসুল হক, অধ্যাপক জামিলুর রেজা চৌধুরী, শেগুফতা বখত চৌধুরী, এ জেড এম নাছিরুদ্দিন, সৈয়দ মঞ্জুর এলাহী, অধ্যাপক নাজমা চৌধুরী ও মেজর জেনারেল (অব.) আব্দুর রহমান খান।
- এই তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার মোট ৮৬ দিন ক্ষমতায় ছিল। এই সরকার ১৯৯৬ সালের ১২ জুন জাতীয় সংসদের নির্বাচনের তারিখ ঘোষণা করেন।
- অবশেষে বিপুল উৎসাহ ও উদ্দীপনা মধ্য দিয়ে ১৯৯৬ সালের ১২ জুন তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকারের অধীন প্রথম সপ্তম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।

উল্লেখ্য,
- ১৯৯০ সালে সেনাশাসক হুসেইন মুহম্মদ এরশাদের পতনের পর জাতীয় নির্বাচন আয়োজন পর্যন্ত দায়িত্ব পালনের জন্য গঠন করা হয়েছিল নির্দলীয় প্রথম অন্তর্বর্তীকালীন সরকার।
- প্রধান বিচারপতি শাহাবুদ্দিন আহমেদের নেতৃত্বে ঐ সরকার গঠিত হয়েছিল।

এছাড়াও,
- ৩০ জুন, ২০১১ সালে পঞ্চদশ সংশোধনীর মাধ্যমে বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান থেকে 'তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকার ব্যবস্থা' বাতিল করা হয়।

উৎস: ইতিহাস ২য় পত্র, এইচএসসি প্রোগ্রাম, বাংলাদেশ উন্মুক্ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়।

তিস্তা মহাপরিকল্পনা:
- তিস্তা মহাপরিকল্পনা বাস্তবায়নে সহায়তা করবে চীন।

⇒ তিস্তা প্রকল্পের প্রথম পর্যায় বাস্তবায়নে ব্যয় হবে ৭৫ কোটি ডলার। এর মধ্যে চীন থেকে ঋণ চাওয়া হয়েছে ৫৫ কোটি ডলার। বাকিটা করা হবে সরকারি অর্থায়নে।
- চীনের রাস্ট্রদূত জানান, তিস্তা প্রকল্পের বিষয়টিতে অর্থ মন্ত্রণালয়ের অর্থনৈতিক সম্পর্ক বিভাগের (ইআরডি) সঙ্গে তারা কাজ করছেন।
- চীনের বিশেষজ্ঞ দল তিস্তা প্রকল্পের সম্ভাবনা যাচাই শেষে অক্টোবর, ২০২৫-এর মধ্যে তিস্তা মহাপরিকল্পনার ডিজাইন চূড়ান্ত হবে।
- ২০২৬ সালে এ প্রকল্পের কাজ শুরু করে ২০২৯ সালে শেষ করার লক্ষ্যমাত্রা নির্ধারণ করা হয়েছে।
- মহাপরিকল্পনায় তিস্তা নদীর ডান-বাম উভয় তীর ঘেঁষে ২২০ কিলোমিটার উঁচু গাইড বাঁধ, রিভার ড্রাইভ, হোটেল-মোটেল-রেস্তোরাঁ, পর্যটন কেন্দ্র, ১৫০ মেগাওয়াট সৌর বিদ্যুতকেন্দ্র, শিল্প-কারখানা, ইপিজেড, ইকোনমিক জোন, কয়েক লাখ হেক্টর কৃষি জমি উদ্ধার, বনায়ন ইত্যাদি রয়েছে।
- এ প্রকল্প বাস্তবায়ন হলে তিস্তা পাড় হয়ে উঠবে পূর্ব চীনের জিয়াংসু প্রদেশের সুকিয়ান সিটির মতো সুন্দর নগরী।

উৎস: i) প্রথম আলো।
ii) দৈনিক ইনকিলাব।

ড্রাগন ফল উৎপাদন:
- কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তরের তথ্য অনুযায়ী, ড্রাগন উৎপাদনের শীর্ষে আছে ঝিনাইদহ জেলা।
- ২০২৪-২৫ অর্থবছরে উৎপাদন হয় ৩২ হাজার ৭৬৮ মেট্রিক টন ড্রাগন।

• উৎপাদনের ২য় স্থানে রয়েছে যশোর। ২০২৪-২৫ অর্থবছরে উৎপাদন হয় ১২ হাজার ৫৫৩ মেট্রিক টন ড্রাগন। আর তৃতীয় শীর্ষ জেলা রাজশাহীতে উৎপাদন হয় ৪ হাজার ৪৭৭ মেট্রিক টন ড্রাগন।

⇒ ড্রাগন ফল মূলত আমেরিকার প্রসিদ্ধ একটি ফল যা বর্তমানে আমাদের দেশেও ব্যাপক জনপ্রিয়তা অর্জন করেছে। বাংলাদেশে সর্বপ্রথম ২০০৭ সালে থাইল্যান্ড, ফ্লোরিডা ও ভিয়েতনাম থেকে এই ফলের বিভিন্ন জাত আনা হয়। ড্রাগন ফলের গাছ এক ধরনের ক্যাকটাস জাতীয় গাছ। এই গাছের কোন পাতা নেই। ড্রাগন ফলের গাছ সাধারনত ১.৫ থেকে ২.৫ মিটার পর্যন্ত লম্বা হয়ে থাকে।

⇒ বর্তমানে বাংলাদেশ কৃষি গবেষণা ইন্সিটিউট (বারি) কতৃক উদ্ভাবিত ড্রগন ফলের নতুন জাতটি হলো বারি ড্রাগন ফল-১ যা দক্ষিণ -পূর্ব এশিয়াতে জনপ্রিয় ফল। এ ফলের আকার বড়, পাকলে খোসার রং লাল হয়ে যায় ,শাঁস গাঢ় গোলাপী রঙের, লাল ও সাদা এবং রসালো প্রকৃতির । ফলের বীজগুলো ছোট ছোট কালো ও নরম । একটি ফলের ওজন ১৫০ গ্রাম থেকে ৬০০ গ্রাম পর্যন্ত হয়ে থাকে।

উৎস: i) প্রথম আলো।
ii) কৃষি বাতায়ন।

OIC:
- ইসলামিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা OIC.
- OIC এর পূর্ণরূপ The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
- ইসরাইল কর্তৃক আল আকসা মসজিদে আগুন ধরিয়ে দেওয়ার প্রেক্ষাপটে OIC গঠিত হয়।
- এটি মুসলিম দেশগুলোর একটি রাজনৈতিক জোট যা রাবাত সম্মেলনের মাধ্যমে গঠিত হয়।
- প্রতিষ্ঠার স্থান: মরক্কো।
- প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়: ২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর, ১৯৬৯ সালে।
- সদর দপ্তর: জেদ্দা, সৌদি আরব।
- বর্তমান মহাসচিব: হুসাইন ইব্রাহিম তাহা (১২ তম)। (অক্টোবর, ২০২৫)
- মহাসচিবের মেয়াদ: ৫ বছর।
- অফিসিয়াল ভাষা: তিনটি (আরবি, ইংরেজি, ফ্রেঞ্চ)।
- বর্তমান সদস্য: ৫৭টি। (অক্টোবর, ২০২৫)

⇒ দক্ষিণ আমেরিকা অঞ্চলের দুটি দেশ OIC এর সদস্য।
• গায়ানা ও
• সুরিনাম।

- ইউরোপ মহাদেশের আলবেনিয়া OIC এর সদস্য।
- বাংলাদেশ ১৯৭৪ সালের ২২-২৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি পাকিস্তানের লাহোরে অনুষ্ঠিত OIC এর দ্বিতীয় শীর্ষ সম্মেলনে সর্বপ্রথম অংশগ্রহণ করে।

তথ্যসূত্র - OIC অফিসিয়াল ওয়েবসাইট।

কার্টাগেনা প্রটোকল (Cartagena Protocol):
- কার্টাগেনা প্রোটকলের পূর্ণনাম - The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
- কার্টাগেনা প্রটোকল জৈব-নিরাপত্তা বিষয়ক একটি আন্তর্জাতিক চুক্তি।
- এই চুক্তিটি কলম্বিয়ার কার্টাগেনাতে আলোচিত হয়।
- চুক্তি অনুমোদন - ২৯ জানুয়ারি, ২০০০ সাল।
- চুক্তি কার্যকর - ১১ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০০৩ সাল।

তথ্যসূত্র - কনভেনশন অন বায়ো-ডাইভার্সিটি (CBD) ওয়েবসাইট।

জাতিসংঘ:
- জাতিসংঘের অর্থনৈতিক ও সামাজিক কমিশন (ECOSOC) এর অধীন ৫টি আঞ্চলিক কমিশন রয়েছে।

⇒ এগুলো হলো:
- এশিয়া ও প্রশান্ত মহাসাগরীয় অর্থনৈতিক ও সামাজিক কমিশন (ESCAP),
- পশ্চিম এশীয় অর্থনৈতিক ও সামাজিক কমিশন (ESCWA),
- ল্যাটিন আমেরিকা ও ক্যারিবীয় অর্থনৈতিক কমিশন (ECLAC),
- ইউরোপিয়ান অর্থনৈতিক কমিশন (ECE),
- আফ্রিকান অর্থনৈতিক কমিশন (ECA).

তথ্যসূত্র - UN ওয়েবসাইট।

ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন (EU):
- বিশ্বের সবচেয়ে বড় অর্থনৈতিক জোট ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন (EU)।
- এর সদর দপ্তর বেলজিয়ামের ব্রাসেলসে অবস্থিত।
- প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সদস্য: ৬টি দেশ।
- বেলজিয়াম, ফ্রান্স, জার্মানি, ইতালি, লুক্সেমবার্গ, নেদারল্যান্ডস।
- বর্তমান সদস্য: ২৭টি দেশ। (অক্টোবর, ২০২৫)
- সর্বশেষ সদস্য: ক্রোয়েশিয়া। (অক্টোবর, ২০২৫)
- সর্বশেষ ত্যাগকারী: ব্রিটেন (৩১ জানুয়ারি, ২০২০)।
- এটি ১৯৯৩ সালের ১ নভেম্বরে মাসট্রিচট চুক্তি স্বাক্ষরের মাধ্যমে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল।
- তখন থেকে এটি বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম ট্রেডিং ব্লকে পরিণত হয়।

তথ্যসূত্র - EU ওয়েবসাইট।

‘অপারেশন রাইজিং লায়ন':
- ইসরায়েল কর্তৃক ইরানে চালানো সামরিক অভিযানটির নাম 'অপারেশন রাইজিং লায়ন'।
- 'রাইজিং লায়ন' নামটি বাইবেলের একটি অনুচ্ছেদে সিংহের প্রতীকী পরাক্রমকে তুলে ধরে, ইসরায়েলের যুদ্ধ প্রস্তুতি এবং আত্মবিশ্বাসের প্রতীক।
- ১৩ জুন ২০২৫-এর ভোরে ইসরায়েলি বিমান বাহিনী ও গোয়েন্দা সংস্থা মোসাদ যৌথভাবে 'অপারেশন রাইজিং লায়ন' পরিচালনা করে।
- ইসরায়েল প্রথমে 'ড্রোন' দ্বারা ইরানের আকাশ প্রতিরক্ষা ব্যবস্থা দুর্বল করা, এরপর প্রধান পারমাণবিক ও সামরিক লক্ষ্যবস্তুতে বিমান হামলা করে।

উল্লেখ্য:
- এই হামলার জবাবে ইরান পাল্টা হামলা চালায়।
- এই হামলার নাম দেয়া হয় 'অপারেশন টু প্রমিজ থ্রি’।
- ইরান পাল্টা জবাবে শতাধিক ক্ষেপণাস্ত্র ও ড্রোন ছুড়ে।

তথ্যসূত্র - পত্রিকার রিপোর্ট।

IUCN:
- বিশ্ব জীববৈচিত্র্য সংরক্ষণবাদী সংস্থা (IUCN)।
- IUCN এর পূর্ণরূপ - International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
- প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়: ১৯৪৮ সালে।
- সদর দপ্তর: গ্লান্ড, সুইজারল্যান্ড।
- এটি নিয়ে বিশ্বের ১৭০ টির অধিক দেশ কাজ করছে।
- উদ্দেশ্য: বিশ্বব্যাপী প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ সংরক্ষণ করা।

তথ্যসূত্র - IUCN অফিসিয়াল ওয়েবসাইট।

IMF:
- IMF এর পূর্ণরূপ The International Monetary Fund.
- এটি আন্তর্জাতিক মুদ্রা তহবিল।
- প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়: ১৯৪৪ সাল।
- সদর দপ্তর: ওয়াশিংটন ডিসি, যুক্তরাষ্ট্র।
- প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সদস্য: ৪৪টি।
- বর্তমান সদস্য: ১৯১টি। (অক্টোবর, ২০২৫)
- সর্বশেষ সদস্য: লিচেনস্টাইন। (অক্টোবর, ২০২৫)
- বর্তমান ব্যবস্থাপনা পরিচালক: ক্রিস্টালিনা জর্জিয়েভা। (অক্টোবর, ২০২৫)
- বাংলাদেশ সদস্যপদ লাভ করে: ১৯৭২ সালে।

তথ্যসূত্র - IMF অফিসিয়াল ওয়েবসাইট।

প্রশ্ন: P হচ্ছে Q এর পিতা কিন্তু Q, P এর ছেলে নয়। তাদের সম্পর্কটা কোন ধরনের?

সমাধান:
যেহেতু, P হচ্ছে Q এর পিতা কিন্তু Q, P এর ছেলে নয় সুতরাং Q হলো মেয়ে এবং P হচ্ছে পিতা।

সুতরাং, তাদের সম্পর্কটা মেয়ে-পিতা।

প্রশ্ন: নিচের চিত্রে কয়টি ত্রিভুজ আছে?

সমাধান:

একটি করে ফাঁকা ঘর নিয়ে ত্রিভুজ আছে - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 = ৮ টি
দুইটি করে ফাঁকা ঘর নিয়ে ত্রিভুজ আছে - 12, 34, 56, 78, 67, 58 = ৬ টি
চারটি করে ফাঁকা ঘর নিয়ে ত্রিভুজ আছে - 1267, 3456 = ২টি
সবগুলো ফাঁকা ঘর নিয়ে ত্রিভুজ আছে - 12345678 = ১ টি

সুতরাং, মোট ত্রিভুজ আছে = ৮ + ৬ + ২ + ১ = ১৭ টি

প্রশ্ন: একটি পানি ভর্তি বালতির ওজন ১৪ কেজি। বালতিটি অর্ধেক পানি পূর্ণ থাকলে তার ওজন হয় ৮ কেজি। খালি বালতির ওজন কত?

সমাধান:
দেওয়া আছে,
পানি ভর্তি বালতির ওজন = ১৪ কেজি
অর্ধেক পানি ভর্তি বালতির ওজন = ৮ কেজি
​
​অর্ধেক বালতি পানির ওজন = (১৪ - ৮) কেজি = ৬ কেজি
∴ ​পূর্ণ বালতি পানির ওজন = (৬ × ২) কেজি = ১২ কেজি
​
​আবার,
​পূর্ণ বালতি পানির ওজন + খালি বালতির ওজন = ১৪ কেজি
⇒ ​খালি বালতির ওজন = ১৪ - ​পূর্ণ বালতি পানির ওজন
​⇒ ​খালি বালতির ওজন = ১৪ - ১২ = ২ কেজি

প্রশ্ন: যদি ORANGE = SVERKI হয় তবে GRAPES = ?

সমাধান:
​যদি ORANGE = SVERKI হয় তবে GRAPES = KVETIW
​
​ORANGE শব্দটির বর্ণগুলো থেকে 4 ধাপ এগিয়ে পাওয়া যায়,
O(15) + 4 → S(19)
​R(18) + 4 → V(22)
​A(1) + 4 → E(5)
​N(14) + 4 → R(18)
​G(7) + 4 → K(11)
​E(5) + 4 → I(9)

​অনুরূপভাবে,
GRAPES শব্দটির বর্ণগুলো থেকে 4 ধাপ এগিয়ে গেলে KVETIW শব্দটি পাওয়া যায়। অর্থাৎ,
​G(7) + 4 → K(11)
​R(18) +4 → V(24)
​A(1) + 4 → E(5)
​P(16) + 4 → T(20)
​E(5) + 4 → I(9)
​S(19) + 4 → W(23)
​
অর্থাৎ নির্ণেয় শব্দটি হবে KVETIW

প্রশ্ন: যদি 7 + 3 = 410, 3 + 2 = 15, 6 + 5 = 111 হয়, তবে 8 + 4 = ?

সমাধান:
এখানে
7 + 3 = 410 ⇒ 7 - 3 = 4, 7 + 3 = 10
3 + 2 = 15 ⇒ 3 - 2 = 1, 3 + 2 = 5
6 + 5 = 111 ⇒ 6 - 5 = 1, 6 + 5 = 11

একইভাবে,
8 - 4 = 4, 8 + 4 = 12
সুতরাং, 8 + 4 = 412

প্রশ্ন: A দক্ষিণ দিকে মুখ করে ৪ কি. মি. হাঁটার পর বামদিকে ঘুরল এবং ৫ কি. মি. হাঁটল। আবার ডানদিকে ঘুরে ৮ কি. মি. হাঁটল। এখন যাত্রার স্থান থেকে সরাসরি দূরত্ব কত?

সমাধান:
প্রদত্ত তথ্যগুলোকে চিত্রের মাধ্যমে সাজিয়ে পাই,

এখন, উত্তর-দক্ষিণ দিকে- শুরুতে ৪ কি.মি. দক্ষিণ + পরে আরও ৮ কি.মি. দক্ষিণ = মোট ১২ কি.মি. দক্ষিণ
পূর্ব-পশ্চিম দিকে: শুধু পূর্ব দিকে ৫ কি.মি.

∴ সরাসরি দূরত্ব = √(১২^২ + ৫^২) = √(১৪৪ + ২৫)
= √১৬৯
= ১৩ কি.মি.

প্রশ্ন: (A) চিত্রটির আয়নায় প্রতিবিম্ব কেমন হবে?

সমাধান:


সুতরাং, সঠিক উত্তর (2) নং

Correct Answer:
A) PBP and ARR

Explanation:
-PBP (Payback Period): Focuses on how quickly the initial investment is recovered but does not discount future cash flows.

-ARR (Accounting Rate of Return): Uses accounting profits and ignores discounting, failing to capture the real economic value.

-IRR, NPV, and PI all involve discounting cash flows, thus they consider TVM.

Source:
CFA Institute – Corporate Finance, LOS 36.
Brealey & Myers – Principles of Corporate Finance, Chapter 8.

Correct Answer:
B) 1952

Explanation:
-Harry Markowitz published "Portfolio Selection" in the Journal of Finance in 1952.

-This work marked the beginning of modern investment analysis by introducing mathematical modeling for diversification.

-Prior to this, investors mostly relied on intuition rather than statistical methods to balance risk and return.

-Markowitz later expanded this theory into his 1959 book "Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments."

Source:
Markowitz, H. M. (1952). Portfolio Selection. Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77–91.
Bodie, Kane & Marcus – Investments, 12th Edition.

Correct Answer:
A) Dividend

Explanation:
-A dividend represents the portion of profit that a company pays to its shareholders as a reward for investing in the company.

-Declared by the Board of Directors and approved by shareholders in the Annual General Meeting (AGM).

-Dividend is optional, not a legal obligation, unlike interest on debt.

-Remaining profit that is not distributed becomes retained earnings for reinvestment.

Source:
Brealey & Myers – Principles of Corporate Finance, Dividend Policy Chapter.
Investopedia – Dividend

Correct Answer:
B) Non-Profit Organization (NPO)

Explanation:
-A Non-Profit Organization (NPO) is an entity that operates for social welfare, education, charity, religion, culture, or community service, not for earning profits.

-Any surplus income generated is reinvested to achieve its mission, rather than distributed as dividends to owners or shareholders.

-Examples: Red Crescent Society, BRAC, Charitable hospitals, Schools and universities run by trusts

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A) Public Limited Company : Primary goal is maximizing shareholders' wealth and earning profits.

C) Partnership Firm : Formed by two or more people to earn profit and share it.

D) Private Limited Company : Smaller than public companies, but the main motive is still profit generation.

Source & Reference:
Principles of Management – Harold Koontz, Chapter on Types of Organizations.
Investopedia – Nonprofit Organization
Companies Act, Bangladesh – Section on Non-Profit Entities.

Correct Answer:
B) Bank Overdraft

Explanation:
-Short-term finance refers to funds borrowed for a short duration, usually less than one year, to meet the working capital requirements of a business.

-A bank overdraft allows a business to withdraw more money than is available in its current account, up to an approved limit.

-It is highly flexible and useful for meeting temporary cash shortages.

-Interest is charged only on the amount actually overdrawn.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A) Debentures :
-Issued for long-term financing, typically for several years.
-Used for fixed asset purchase or expansion projects.

C) Equity Shares
-A permanent source of capital, not short-term.
-Cannot be repaid within one year.

D) Retained Earnings
-Internal financing for long-term growth, not specifically designed to solve temporary cash flow issues.

Sources & References:
Fundamentals of Financial Management by Eugene F. Brigham – Chapter on Working Capital Management.
Principles of Corporate Finance by Brealey & Myers.
Investopedia – Short-Term Financing

Correct Answer:
A) Rising GDP, low unemployment, high consumer spending, and growing corporate earnings

Explanation:
A bull market typically coincides with a strong economy, shown through key metrics:

-GDP Growth: Expanding economic output drives corporate profits.

-Low Unemployment: More jobs mean higher disposable income and spending.

-Consumer Confidence: Optimistic consumers fuel demand, pushing business growth.

-Earnings Growth: Companies report strong quarterly earnings, boosting stock valuations.

Why Others Are Incorrect:
– Signals a recession and a bear market.

– Represents stagflation, not a bull market.

– Tight monetary policies generally cool down a hot market, not drive it up.

Sources:

IMF World Economic Outlook Reports.

Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED)

Bodie et al., Investments – Chapter on Market Indicators.

Correct Answer:
B) Equity holders are residual claimants, so they bear maximum risk and therefore demand highest returns.

Explanation:

In a company's capital structure hierarchy:

-Debt holders are repaid first → lowest risk → lowest return.

-Preference shareholders are next → moderate risk → moderate return.

-Equity shareholders are last in line, so they require highest compensation for this risk.

Conclusion: High risk = High return = High cost of equity

Sources:
Modigliani & Miller Theory – Cost of Capital.

Financial Management by Khan & Jain – Capital Structure chapter.

Correct Answer:
A) Higher proportion of debt in capital structure

Explanation:

-Financial risk refers to the risk of insolvency or default due to the use of fixed-cost financing, primarily debt.

-A company with higher debt levels must pay interest regardless of profitability, increasing financial leverage risk.

-Equity financing does not require mandatory payments, so it does not increase financial risk directly.

Example:

-Company A: 80% debt, 20% equity → high fixed interest → high financial risk

-Company B: 20% debt, 80% equity → lower fixed obligations → lower financial risk

Sources:

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Financial Leverage

Investopedia – Financial Risk

Correct Answer:
B) Differences in risk exposure and priority in claims

Explanation:

-Debt holders: Low risk → lower expected return.

-Preference shareholders: Moderate risk → moderate return.

-Equity shareholders: High risk → high expected return.

-Risk differences arise from fixed vs. residual claims and priority in liquidation.

Source:

Brigham, Eugene F., and Michael C. Ehrhardt. Financial Management: Theory & Practice, 16th Edition.

Correct Answer:
B) Cash flows are certain and easily predictable.

Explanation:

Capital budgeting involves uncertain future cash flows, not guaranteed returns.

Risk assessment and discounting techniques like NPV or IRR are used to evaluate projects.

Source:
Brigham, Eugene F., and Michael C. Ehrhardt. Financial Management: Theory & Practice, 16th Edition – Chapter on Capital Budgeting.

Correct Answer:
B) NPV should generally take priority over IRR and PBP because it directly measures value addition.

Explanation:

-NPV measures absolute wealth creation.

-IRR may be misleading with non-conventional cash flows or mutually exclusive projects.

-PBP ignores time value of money.

Therefore, NPV is considered superior for project selection.

Sources:

Brigham, Eugene F., and Michael C. Ehrhardt. Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Capital Budgeting

Brealey, Myers & Allen. Principles of Corporate Finance, Section on NPV, IRR, and PBP

Khan, M.Y., and P.K. Jain. Financial Management: Text, Problems and Cases, 8th Edition

A) 1 : 1

Explanation:
-Current Ratio measures short-term liquidity: the company’s ability to pay current liabilities with current assets.
-Current Ratio= Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
- So, Current Ratio = 10,000/10,000 = 1 : 1.

-Higher ratio → better liquidity, but extremely high ratios may indicate inefficient asset use.

Source:
Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Financial Ratios
Khan & Jain – Financial Management: Text, Problems, and Cases, Section on Liquidity Ratios
Investopedia – Current Ratio

Correct Answer:

A) Increase in net income relative to total assets

Explanation:

ROA measures how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate profit.
An increase in ROA from 11% → 14% can occur if:

-Net income increases faster than assets.

-Total assets decrease while net income stays the same (less likely in this context).

Other options explained:
- Liabilities do not directly affect ROA (they affect ROE).

- Equity changes do not affect ROA unless they influence net income or assets.

-  Decrease in market share usually reduces ROA, not increases it.

Source:
Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Financial Ratios

Khan & Jain – Financial Management, Section on Return on Assets (ROA)

Investopedia – Return on Assets (ROA)

Answer:
B) Cash is more liquid than accounts receivable.

Explanation:

Liquidity hierarchy: Cash → Marketable Securities → Accounts Receivable → Inventory → Fixed Assets (land/buildings).

Sources:

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Liquidity and Working Capital Management

Explanation:

-Microcredit refers to the provision of small loans to low-income individuals to promote self-employment and entrepreneurship.

-Bangladesh’s microcredit sector expanded rapidly with institutions like Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASA, but the growth created a need for standardization, monitoring, and borrower protection.

-The Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) was established under the Microcredit Regulatory Authority Act, 2006 to address these needs.

Source:

Microcredit Regulatory Authority – http://www.mra.gov.bd

Correct Answer:
C) Diversification reduces unsystematic risk, but systematic risk still affects expected return.

Explanation:
-Total risk = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk
-Diversification reduces unsystematic risk (firm-specific risk) by holding a variety of assets.
-Systematic risk (market risk) remains and determines expected return according to the CAPM model.
-Investors are compensated only for systematic risk, not for risks that can be diversified away.

Sources:
Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Risk and Return
Brealey, Myers & Allen – Principles of Corporate Finance, Section on Diversification and CAPM
Investopedia – Risk-Return Tradeoff

Correct Answer:
B) Standard Deviation of Returns

Explanation:

-Risk in finance is the variability of returns around the expected return.

-Standard deviation measures how much the actual returns fluctuate from the expected return.

-The higher the standard deviation, the higher the uncertainty and hence higher the expected compensation (return).

-NPV and Payback Period measure profitability and liquidity, not risk.

Source:
Brigham, Eugene F., and Michael C. Ehrhardt. Financial Management: Theory & Practice, 16th Edition

Correct Answer:
B) Cash generated from operations minus capital expenditures

Explanation:

-Free Cash Flow (FCF) represents the cash available to the firm after maintaining or expanding its asset base.

-Indicates a company’s ability to pay dividends, reduce debt, or invest in growth.

-Helps investors assess financial flexibility and sustainability.

Option A → Incorrect, does not consider capex.

Option C → Financing inflows, unrelated to FCF.

Option D → Dividend policy, not cash available for all stakeholders.

Source:

Brealey, Myers & Allen – Principles of Corporate Finance, Chapter on Cash Flow and Valuation

Khan & Jain – Financial Management: Text, Problems and Cases, Section on Free Cash Flow

Correct Answer:
C) Wealth maximization incorporates risk and time value of money

Explanation:

Profit maximization:

-Focuses only on short-term accounting profits.

-Ignores risk and cash flow timing.

Wealth maximization:

-Uses discounted cash flow (DCF) or NPV techniques.

-Considers risk-adjusted expected returns.

-Aligns management decisions with shareholder interest.

Source:

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter 1: Objectives of Financial Management

Brealey, Myers & Allen – Principles of Corporate Finance, Chapter on Value Maximization

Correct Answer:
A) DSEX

Explanation:

DSEX (Dhaka Stock Exchange Index):

-Main index reflecting the price movements of all listed companies on DSE.

-Used by investors to track market trends and performance.

Other indices in DSE:

-DS30: Tracks top 30 companies by market capitalization and liquidity.

-DSES: Tracks small-cap companies.

S&P 500, FTSE 100, Nikkei 225 → indices of other countries (USA, UK, Japan).

Source:

Dhaka Stock Exchange – https://www.dsebd.org

Chowdhury, S. Capital Market of Bangladesh, 2019

Correct Answer:
C) 1993

Explanation:

The Financial Institutions Act (FIA), 1993 was introduced to regulate, supervise, and monitor Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs) in Bangladesh.

It provides the legal framework for:

-Licensing and registration of NBFIs

-Capital adequacy requirements

-Reporting and governance standards

-Protection of depositors and investors

Before 1993, there was no comprehensive legal framework for non-bank financial institutions.

Source:

Financial Institutions Act, 1993 – Bangladesh Legal Database

Khan, M.Y., & Jain, P.K., Financial Management: Text, Problems, and Cases, Section on NBFI Regulation

Correct Answer:
A) Cash, Accounts Receivable, Inventory, Accounts Payable

Explanation:

-Working Capital (WC) = Current Assets – Current Liabilities

-Current Assets: Cash, Marketable Securities, Accounts Receivable, Inventory, Prepaid Expenses

-Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable, Short-term Loans, Accrued Expenses

-Non-current items like land, buildings, long-term debt, or intangible assets are not part of working capital.

-Components of WC ensure smooth day-to-day operations and liquidity.

Source:

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Working Capital Management

Khan & Jain – Financial Management: Text, Problems and Cases, Chapter on Current Assets and Liabilities

Correct Answer:
B) Equity financing involves issuing shares to investors

Explanation:

Debt financing (external):

-Loans, bonds, debentures

-Requires repayment with interest

-Does not dilute ownership

Equity financing (external):

-Issuing new shares or inviting investors

-No fixed repayment, but investors expect dividends

-Dilutes ownership

Source:

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter on Capital Structure

Khan & Jain – Financial Management, Section on External Financing

Correct Answer:
C) Both individual and institutional investors

Explanation:

-Individuals: Citizens can open BO accounts to trade shares on DSE.

-Institutions: Banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, and other corporate entities can also maintain BO accounts.

-A valid bank account and National ID / passport are usually required.

Source:

CDBL – BO Account Opening Guidelines

Dhaka Stock Exchange – Investor Manual

Answer: B) Ordinary Annuity

Explanation: Ordinary annuity payments occur at period-end; annuity due is at the beginning.

Source: Khan & Jain, Chapter on Annuities

Answer: B) Ignores cash flows beyond payback period

Explanation: PBP ignores long-term returns and TVM, making it less reliable.
Source: Brigham & Ehrhardt

Answer:
C) Use of funds for the assets with the purpose to earn returns

Explanation:

-Investment is the allocation of resources (usually money) with the expectation of generating income or profit in the future.

-It includes purchasing financial assets like stocks and bonds or real assets like machinery.

-Option D (buying a house) can be an investment, but it's too narrow compared to the general definition.

-Options A and B relate to macroeconomics and production but are not direct definitions of investment.

Source:

Bodie, Kane, Marcus – Investments, Chapter 1

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management, Chapter 1

Investopedia: Investment Definition

Answer:
D) Current Assets – Current Liabilities

Explanation:

-Working Capital is a measure of a company's short-term liquidity and operational efficiency.

-It shows whether a company can cover its short-term obligations with its short-term assets.

A) Equity + Retained Earnings → This is part of shareholders’ equity, not working capital.

B) Equity – Liabilities → This represents net worth, not working capital.

C) Total Assets – Total Liabilities → This equals owner’s equity, not working capital.

Source:
Khan & Jain – Financial Management, Chapter 18

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management: Theory & Practice, Chapter 15

Answer:
C) 50 days

Solution:

CCC=DIO+DSO−DPO

CCC=40+30−20=50days

Interpretation:
The company takes 50 days to convert inventory into cash after accounting for payment terms to suppliers.

Source:

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management, Chapter 15

Correct Answer:
C) Possible short-term liquidity problems

Explanation:

Current Ratio < 1.0 → Current Liabilities > Current Assets.

Indicates that the firm may struggle to pay its short-term debts, increasing default risk.

Source:

Investopedia – Liquidity Ratios

Correct Answer:
B) Retailers turn inventory quickly, requiring less liquidity

Explanation:

High inventory turnover → retail companies quickly convert goods into cash.

They need fewer current assets to manage operations effectively, so a lower ratio is acceptable.

Source:

Brigham, Eugene F., & Ehrhardt, Michael C. Financial Management, Chapter 3.

Investopedia – Industry Benchmark Ratios.

Correct Answer:
B) Transaction and precautionary motives

Explanation:

-Paying salaries and buying raw materials = transaction motive.

-Preparing for equipment failure = precautionary motive.

-Speculative motive is not applicable here since there's no mention of investment opportunities.

Source:

Gitman & Zutter – Principles of Managerial Finance, Chapter 8.

Keynes, J.M., The General Theory.

Correct Answer:
C) Holding cash to cover monthly electricity bills

Explanation:

Paying monthly bills = transaction motive, not speculative.

Speculative motive strictly relates to profiting from future opportunities.

Source:

Brigham & Ehrhardt – Financial Management, Chapter 7.

Correct Answer:
A) To ensure a continuous and adequate flow of funds for the company's operations and growth

Explanation:

-Financial management's first responsibility is to ensure availability of funds for day-to-day operations and expansion.

-Without a regular supply of funds, production, growth, and profitability will be disrupted.

-Options C and D are incorrect because financial management balances liquidity and profitability rather than just minimizing liabilities or hoarding cash.

Source:

Gitman, L. J., Principles of Managerial Finance, 15th Edition.

Brigham & Ehrhardt, Financial Management: Theory and Practice, Chapter 1.

Corporate Finance Institute (CFI)

Correct Answer:
D) Company's number of employees

Explanation:

-Returns to shareholders are driven by profitability, share price appreciation, and dividends, which depend on the earning capacity, market conditions, and expectations of investors.

-The number of employees indirectly affects costs but is not a direct determinant of shareholder returns.

Source:

Gitman & Zutter, Principles of Managerial Finance, Chapter 1.

Brigham, Financial Management, Chapter 2.

Correct Answer:
B) A fair balance between debt and equity to minimize overall cost of capital and risk

Explanation:

-A sound capital structure balances debt and equity:

-Debt is cheaper due to tax benefits but increases financial risk.

-Equity is safer but more expensive.

-The goal is to minimize WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) while maintaining flexibility.

-Example: Ideal ratio differs by industry: Manufacturing may prefer 40% debt, while tech startups rely more on equity.

Source:

Khan, M.Y., & Jain, P.K., Financial Management: Text, Problems, and Cases, Chapter 6.

Investopedia – Capital Structure

Correct Answer:
B) Ensuring regular fund supply, capital structure planning, and safety of investment

Explanation:

-Cash reserves = Regular supply of funds.

-Balanced financing = Sound capital structure.

-Low-risk bonds = Safety of investment.

These are core financial management objectives, making B correct.

Source:

Gitman & Zutter, Principles of Managerial Finance, Chapter 1.

Brigham & Ehrhardt, Financial Management, Chapter 2.

Correct Answer:
B) The buyer must pay the full invoice amount within 30 days, whether or not they take the discount

-A 1%/10 net 30 deal contains two payment terms: a potential price discount for early payment and more general payment due terms.
-1%/10 means a payee can take a 1% discount on services or products as long as they are paid within 10 days.
-At the same time, the payee must make payment on the invoice within 30 days, regardless whether they opt to make early payment or not.
-The cost of credit is used as a percentage and occurs when the buyer does not take the reduced cost, thus paying the higher cost, reflecting the discount loss.
-A vendor may offer incentives to pay early to accelerate the inflow of cash, which is especially important for businesses with no revolving lines of credit.

Source: Investopedia

Correct Answer:
c) ARR measures historical or projected accounting return, while RRR is the minimum return expected by investors to compensate for risk

Explanation:

-ARR is based purely on accounting profits and helps compare projects internally.

-RRR, on the other hand, is a benchmark rate that reflects the minimum return needed to justify taking on a certain level of risk.
-If ARR is greater than or equal to RRR, a project may be considered financially acceptable.

Source:
Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jordan, B. D. (2022). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, McGraw Hill.

Correct Answer:
b) It excludes inventory and other less liquid assets from current assets

Explanation:
-The current ratio considers all current assets, including inventory.
-However, inventory may take time to sell and convert into cash, making it less liquid.
-The acid-test ratio excludes inventory and prepaid expenses, offering a stricter measure of liquidity.

Source:
Gitman, L. J., & Zutter, C. J. (2015). Principles of Managerial Finance, Pearson.

Answer: B) Providing registration and certificate of insurers, reinsurers, and mediators

Explanation:
IDRA is the regulatory authority for the insurance sector in Bangladesh. One of its core functions is to register insurance entities (life, non-life, and re-insurance companies) and mediators, as well as manage renewals, amendments, cancellations, or removal of such registrations. This ensures that only compliant and financially sound companies operate in the market.

Source: IDRA Official Website – Functions

Answer: D) Issuing driving licenses

IDRA regulates the insurance sector, including inspections, fund control, policy development, premium approval, and actuarial reporting. Issuing driving licenses is not part of its mandate; that falls under the Road Transport Authority.

Source: IDRA Official Website – Functions

Answer: A) 36 life insurance and 46 non-life insurance companies

Explanation:
As per the latest IDRA data, Bangladesh has 36 life insurance companies and 46 non-life insurance companies. IDRA oversees these companies to ensure compliance, financial stability, and protection of policyholder interests.

Source: IDRA Official Website – Registered Insurance Companies

Answer: B) Settlement of disputes or claims

Explanation:
IDRA provides a mechanism for settling disputes or claims between insurers and policyholders. This function protects policyholder rights, maintains trust in the insurance sector, and ensures fair practices are followed.

Source: IDRA Official Website – Functions

Answer: B) 14th May 1973

Explanation:
SBC was established on 14th May 1973 under the Insurance Corporation Act (Act No. VI) of 1973 as the sole state-owned general insurance and reinsurance institution, operating directly under the Ministry of Finance.

Source: Banglapedia (en.banglapedia.org)

Answer: D) Tk 15 billion

Explanation:
The government raised SBC’s authorised capital to Tk 15 billion (Tk 1,500 crore) to strengthen its financial base under the Insurance Corporation Act of 2019.

Source: The Financial Express (today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd)

Answer: B) 50%

Explanation:
The 1990 Amendment mandates that 50% of insurance on public property must be placed with SBC. The remaining 50% may be with SBC or other approved insurers. This ensures state interests are adequately secured.

Source: Scribd (scribd.com)

Answer: A) By merging Surma and Rupsa Corporations

Explanation:
Initially, 37 life insurance companies were nationalized and their assets and liabilities were consolidated into two corporations – Surma and Rupsa. These two were later merged under Act No. 6 of 1973 to form the Life Insurance Corporation (Jiban Bima Corporation), centralizing life insurance services under a state-owned entity.

Source: Banglapedia (en.banglapedia.org)

Answer: B) Mobilizes domestic capital and raises public awareness of life insurance

Explanation:
Since its establishment, JBC has contributed to national development by mobilizing internal capital through life insurance business. It has also played a significant role in raising awareness among the general public about life insurance, thereby fostering a culture of financial protection and savings.

Source: Banglapedia (en.banglapedia.org)

Answer: B) Marine insurance

Explanation:
Marine insurance was the first form of insurance, developed to protect cargo and ships against losses at sea, dating back to medieval maritime trade.

Source: Vaughan, Emmett J., and Therese Vaughan. Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance

Answer: C) Uninsurable risk

Explanation:
Uninsurable risks are risks that cannot be covered by insurance due to uncertainty, excessive probability, or difficulty in measuring losses (e.g., losses from war or illegal activities).

Source: Vaughan, Emmett J., and Therese Vaughan. Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance

Answer: B) 1720

Explanation:
The Bubble Act of 1720 was passed in England to regulate joint-stock companies following the South Sea Bubble financial crisis, requiring companies to obtain a royal charter for operations.

Source: Britannica (britannica.com)

Answer: B) Double insurance

Explanation:
Double insurance occurs when the same risk is covered by two or more insurance companies under separate contracts. In case of loss, the insured can claim proportionally from each insurer, but cannot profit from multiple claims.

Source: Vaughan, Emmett J., and Therese Vaughan. Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance

Answer: C) Surrender value

Explanation:
Surrender value is the sum payable to a policyholder if they terminate a life insurance policy before maturity. It is usually less than the total premiums paid and increases with the duration of premium payment.

Source: Vaughan, Emmett J., and Therese Vaughan. Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance

Answer: A) Single Premium Life

Explanation:
SPL (Single Premium Life) is a life insurance policy where a lump sum premium is paid upfront for full coverage, eliminating the need for future premium payments.

Source: Vaughan, Emmett J., and Therese Vaughan. Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance

Answer: A) Retail Automated Clearing House Service

Explanation:
RACHS allows automated retail payment clearing between banks and institutions, widely used for premium collection in insurance.

Source: Bangladesh Bank Publications (www.bb.org.bd)

Answer: B) Jettison

Explanation:
Jettison is a deliberate act of throwing cargo or equipment overboard to save the ship and the remaining cargo from peril. Losses due to jettison are generally covered by marine insurance.

Source: Vaughan, Emmett J., and Therese Vaughan. Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance

Answer: B) Nicholas Barbon

Explanation:
Nicholas Barbon introduced modern fire insurance in England in 1681, establishing organized fire insurance offices and policies after the Great Fire of London.

Source: Rejda, George E. Principles of Risk Management and Insurance

Answer: C) Insurer and insured

Explanation:
A valid fire insurance contract requires signatures from both the insurer and the insured to confirm mutual agreement and acceptance of terms.

Source: Rejda, George E. Principles of Risk Management and Insurance

Answer: B) Replacement policy

Explanation:
A replacement policy ensures that the insured receives a new or equivalent property instead of monetary compensation when the insured item is lost or destroyed.

Source: Vaughan, Emmett J., and Therese Vaughan. Fundamentals of Risk Management and Insurance

Answer: B
Explanation: Grameen Bank, founded by Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh, is recognized for demonstrating high repayment rates and positive impacts on community development, especially by supporting small entrepreneurs and women.

Source: Yunus, M. Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty, PublicAffairs, 2007.

Answer: B
Explanation: Critics highlight that some microfinance institutions (MFIs) charge high interest rates to cover operational costs and generate profits, which can conflict with the mission of helping the poor. High interest may put borrowers at financial stress.

Source: Roodman, D. & Morduch, J. The Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in Bangladesh, CGAP, 2009.

Answer: B
Explanation: The ultimate goal of social business is to enhance economic capabilities of people and address social challenges, rather than focusing on personal or shareholder profit.

Source: Yunus, M. Building Social Business, 2010.

Answer: C
Explanation: Grameen Bank and its founder Muhammad Yunus were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for their efforts to create economic and social development from below.

Source: Nobel Prize Official Website, 2006.

Answer: D
Explanation: The IMF focuses on macroeconomic stability, trade, and cooperation among countries, not on lending directly to private multinational corporations.

Source: IMF. About the IMF, 2025.

Answer: C
Explanation: The SDR basket consists of USD, EUR, CNY, JPY, and GBP. The Indian Rupee is not included.

Source: IMF. SDR Valuation, 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation: SDRs are an international reserve asset used for financial obligations among IMF members and for currency exchange.

Source: IMF. Special Drawing Rights (SDR), 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation: The Board of Governors usually consists of each member country’s finance or development minister, serving as the top policymakers.

Source: World Bank. Governance, 2025.

Answer: D
Explanation: The IMF is a separate international organization; it is not part of the World Bank Group.

Source: World Bank. World Bank Group Overview, 2025.

Answer: A

Explanation: Each WBG organization has a specific mandate: IBRD provides loans to middle-income countries, IDA aids the poorest countries, IFC supports private sector growth, MIGA offers political risk insurance, and ICSID resolves investment disputes.

Source: World Bank. World Bank Group Organizations, 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation: FDI refers to Foreign Direct Investment, where investors establish or acquire business operations in another country.

Source: World Bank. Foreign Direct Investment, 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation: When a country spends more on imports or foreign obligations than it earns, reserves decline.

Source: IMF. Foreign Exchange Reserves, 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation: The BRRU is established to oversee bank restructuring, resolve NPLs, and restore stability in the banking sector.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. BRRU Overview, 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation: IFRS 9 focuses on financial instruments and credit loss provisioning, improving banks’ transparency and risk management.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. IFRS Implementation Plan, 2025.

Answer: C
Explanation: The AQRs are conducted for all significant banks, including private and state-owned, to ensure a comprehensive assessment of asset quality.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Asset Quality Review Guidelines, 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Bangladesh currently has 61 operating banks. Observers indicate that approximately 40 of these are performing well, while the remaining banks are financially weak or under stress. The weak performance of a significant number of banks poses risks to the overall financial system, necessitating regulatory interventions like mergers, restructuring, or the application of the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Banking Sector Overview, 2023.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh, was established in 1972 under the Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972. As the apex financial institution, it is responsible for regulating, supervising, and controlling all banking activities in the country. Its establishment was crucial for laying the foundation of a structured monetary system and providing a mechanism to stabilize the newly independent nation’s financial sector.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. History of Bangladesh Bank, 2025. https://www.bb.org.bd

Answer: B
Explanation:
The Banking Companies Act, 1991, amended in 2013, is the principal law that governs banking operations in Bangladesh. It covers essential regulatory areas such as licensing requirements, maintaining adequate capital, managerial standards, bank mergers, liquidation procedures, and inspection protocols. This law empowers Bangladesh Bank to ensure that banks operate soundly and prudently while protecting depositors’ interests.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Banking Companies Act Overview, 2025.

Answer: D
Explanation:
Bangladesh Bank serves as the regulatory and supervisory authority for all banks in Bangladesh. It ensures that commercial banks adhere to monetary policies, maintain financial soundness, and operate within the legal framework. While it oversees banks and can intervene in cases of insolvency or mismanagement, it does not directly manage day-to-day banking activities. This separation of roles maintains both regulatory control and operational independence.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Role and Function of the Central Bank, 2025.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Financial supervision aims to safeguard the interests of depositors and investors, maintain overall financial system stability, prevent fraud and risky banking practices, and ensure that financial institutions comply with laws and regulations. Effective supervision promotes confidence in the banking and financial sectors, which is essential for economic stability.

Source: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, 2019.

Answer: A
Explanation:
On-site inspections involve physically visiting bank branches or headquarters to examine operations, internal controls, risk management, and adherence to regulatory standards. This allows supervisors to detect problems early and implement corrective measures.

Source: Basel Committee. Supervisory Techniques, 2019.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Priority sector lending ensures that critical sectors contributing to economic growth, employment, and export earnings receive adequate financial support. By regulating investment in these sectors, Bangladesh Bank promotes inclusive growth while maintaining a balanced risk-return profile.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Priority Sector Lending Guidelines, 2023.

Answer: C
Explanation:
Liquidity requirements mandate that banks keep a portion of their assets in highly liquid forms, such as cash or government securities, to meet short-term obligations. While investing in different instruments, banks must balance returns with the need for immediate liquidity to honor withdrawals or unforeseen liabilities.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Liquidity Guidelines for Banks, 2023.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Loans and advances represent the primary investment activity of banks, where funds are lent to individuals, businesses, or institutions. Term loans are structured loans for a fixed period, cash credit provides short-term working capital, and overdraft facilities allow temporary withdrawals beyond the account balance. These investments generate interest income for banks.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Banking Investment Operations, 2023.

Answer: A
Explanation:
Electronic banking leverages various technologies such as computers, smartphones, internet platforms, mobile apps, and automated machines (ATMs). These technologies ensure secure, efficient, and fast financial transactions, reducing reliance on manual processes.

Source: BIS. Digital Payments and E-Banking, 2021.

Answer: A
Explanation:
Call centers serve as a direct communication channel between banks and customers. They assist with account inquiries, complaint resolution, card services, and guidance on banking products. This enhances customer service and allows banks to provide support without requiring physical visits.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Customer Service in Digital Banking, 2023.

Answer: A
Explanation:
Credit cards allow users to borrow funds up to a pre-approved credit limit and pay later, typically with interest if not paid in full. Debit cards draw directly from the user’s bank account balance. Both are used for electronic payments, but credit cards also help in building credit history.

Source: World Bank. Digital Payment Systems, 2022.

Answer: D
Explanation:
The IT Act and Consumer Protection Laws provide the legal framework to safeguard digital transactions. They ensure the security of online payments, protect users’ personal data, prevent fraud, and uphold the rights of consumers using electronic payment services. These laws complement banking regulations by providing a safe environment for digital financial services.

Source: Bangladesh Bank & Ministry of Law, Bangladesh. IT and Consumer Protection Laws, 2020.

Answer: C
Explanation:
The bank where the check is deposited, also known as the collecting bank, initiates the collection process. It forwards the check to the issuing bank (drawee bank) to receive the funds on behalf of its customer, ensuring the amount is credited to the depositor’s account once the check is cleared.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Check Collection Procedures, 2023.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Visa and Mastercard are the two most widely used and accepted credit card brands offered by almost every bank in Bangladesh. These cards are recognized globally, making them the preferred choice for both domestic and international transactions.

Source: Bangladesh Bank. Payment Systems Division, 2023.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Dutch-Bangla Bank launched Nexus Pay, a digital wallet and payment platform, as part of its innovative card service strategy to promote cashless transactions and enhance digital financial inclusion.

Source: Dutch-Bangla Bank Official Website, 2024.

Answer: C
Explanation:
A lockbox system reduces the need for manual cash handling by the business because the bank takes care of collection, processing, and depositing payments. Businesses only monitor reports and use the funds once credited.

Source: Wells Fargo. Lockbox Treasury Services, 2024.

Answer: C
Explanation:
Clearing houses use automation and digital systems to process large volumes of transactions quickly and accurately, reducing errors and boosting trust in the financial system.

Source: World Bank – Payment System Development Report, 2024.

Answer: D
Explanation:
Clearing houses are designed to reduce manual work, minimize human error, and increase overall speed and efficiency. Therefore, an increase in manual workload and errors is NOT a benefit.

Source: BIS – Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures, 2023.

Answer: C
Explanation:
Using an ATM owned by your own bank prevents you from being charged extra fees that are typically applied when using other banks' ATMs.

Source: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), 2024.

Answer: C
Explanation:
The primary goal of telebanking is to make banking services more accessible and efficient while reducing dependence on physical bank branches.

Source: World Bank – Financial Inclusion Report, 2023.

Answer: B
Explanation:
2010 was the milestone year when Dutch-Bangla Bank first introduced mobile banking in Bangladesh, revolutionizing access to financial services.

Source: Bangladesh Bank – Mobile Banking History Report, 2011.

Answer: C
Explanation:
A bounced cheque usually occurs when the issuer’s account has insufficient funds to cover the payment amount.

Source: Bangladesh Bank – Banking Offences Guidelines, 2024.

Answer: b) Stealing valid card information to create a duplicate card
Explanation: Card cloning is a type of fraud where criminals steal sensitive card data (like magnetic strip or chip details) and produce a fake card to conduct unauthorized transactions.

Source: Financial Fraud Prevention Manual, Bangladesh Bank.

Answer: a) Bangladesh Automated Clearing House
Explanation: BACH is the automated clearing system in Bangladesh for processing electronic transactions and check settlements.

Source: Bangladesh Bank – Payment Systems Overview.