স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

Cytoplasmic organelles Involved in Protein Synthesis (Translation):
1. Ribosome
2. RER
3. Mitochondria

Post-translational Modification of Protein Occurs in:
1. Golgi apparatus
2. Ribosome
3. RER

Functions of mitochondria:
1. Production of ATP by aerobic respiration
2. Mitochondrial DNA takes part in RNA & protein synthesis
3. Role in cellular catabolism by apoptosis (programmed cell death)
4. Mitochondria contains enzymes that take part in-
   a. Respiratory chain or electron transport
   b. Oxidative phosphorylation
   c. Krebs/citric acid cycle
   d. β-oxidation of fatty acid
   e. Ketogenesis

Inner mitochondrial membrane shows long infoldings called cristae (for increasing surface area).
The lipid bilayer of the inner membrane contains unusual phospholipids and is highly impermeable to ions.
Inner mitochondrial membrane is a site for oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory (electron transport) chain, and ATP synthesis.

[Ref. Junquiera 15th, 39]

Microtubules are non branching hollow tubules made up of tubulin proteins (α and b tubulin) with a diameter of 25 nm

Locations:
• Cilia
• Flagella
• Centrioles
• Mitotic spindle
• Elongating cell processes and
• Growing axons

Functions:
1. Movement of cilia, flagella (tail of sperm)
2. Intracellular transport of vesicles
3. In cell division, formation of mitotic spindle
4. Maintenance of cell shape

[Ref. Junquira 15th, 43]

Most of the cells contain single nucleus except-
– RBCs and platelets do not have nuclei
– Striated muscle cells are multinucleated
– Few hepatocytes and transitional epithelial cells are binucleated

*** Normoblasts have nucleus, after this stage, they loss their nuclei to become reticulocytes, and the mature RBCs. 

[Ref. Junquira 15th, 62]

[Ref. Junqueira 15th, 89]

[Ref. Junqueira 15th] 

[Ref. Junqueira 15th] 

Rathke's pouch and anterior pituitary develop from stomatodaeum (surface ectoderm) 

[Ref. Vishram Sinmgh Clinical Neuroanatomy]

[Ref. Snell's Cilinical Neuroanatomy] 

[Ref. BD Chaurasia 4th Vol.]

[Ref. BD Chaurasia Vol.3] 

[Ref. BD Chaurasia Vol.1] 

The conducting system is made up of specialized myocardium (not nervous tissue)

Its fibres are finer than other myocardial fibres and are completely cross striated

Parts:
1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
2. Atrioventricular node (AV node)
3. Atrioventricular bundle (of His)
4. Right and left branches of AV bundle
5. Sub endocardial Purkinje fibres

Blood supply:
Whole of conducting system except left branch of AV bundle is supplied by right coronary artery. In 40% cases, left coronary artery supplies SA node. 

Supports of rectum
• Pelvic diaphragm: formed by levator ani muscles. The puborectalis sling of this diaphragm surrounds the anorectal junction and maintain the anorectal flexure. (main support) 
• Fascia of Waldeyer: Contain Superior Rectal Vessels and lymphatics
• Lateral ligaments of Rectum: Contain Middle Rectal Vessels and lymphatics
• Rectovesical fascia of Denonvilliers
• Pelvic peritoneum
• Perineal body & its muscles

[Ref. Bailey Love's 28th]