স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

In a left-to-right ventricular shunt, a defect in the ventricular septum allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle instead of being ejected into the aorta. The “shunted” fraction of the left ventricular output is therefore added to the output of the right ventricle, making pulmonary blood flow (the cardiac output of the right ventricle) higher than systemic blood flow (the cardiac output of the left ventricle). In normal adults, the outputs of both ventricles are equal in the steady state. In the fetus, pulmonary blood flow is near zero. Right ventricular failure results in decreased pulmonary blood flow. Administration of a positive inotropic agent should have the same effect on contractility and cardiac output in both ventricles.

Output of Purkinje cells from the cerebellar cortex to deep cerebellar nuclei is inhibitory. This output modulates movement and is responsible for the coordination that allows one to “catch a fly.”

Flexor withdrawal is a polysynaptic reflex that is used when a person touches a hot stove or steps on a tack. On the ipsilateral side of the painful stimulus, there is flexion (withdrawal); on the contralateral side, there is extension to maintain balance.

Diffusion is inversely proportional to distance between two regions

Activator of pepsinogen enzyme is HCL

An increase in ejection fraction means that a higher fraction of the end-diastolic volume is ejected in the stroke volume (e.g., because of the administration of a positive inotropic agent). When this situation occurs, the volume remaining in the ventricle after systole, the end-systolic volume, will be reduced. Cardiac output, pulse pressure, stroke volume, and systolic pressure will be increased.

Function of nucleolus is synthesis of r-RNA

Turbulent flow is predicted when the Reynolds number is increased. Factors that increase the Reynolds number and produce turbulent flow are decreased viscosity (hematocrit) and increased velocity. Partial occlusion of a blood vessel increases the Reynolds number (and turbulence) because the decrease in cross-sectional area results in increased blood velocity (v = Q/A).

The PR segment (part of the PR interval) and the ST segment are the only portions of the electrocardiogram (ECG) that are isoelectric. The PR interval includes the P wave (atrial depolarization) and the PR segment, which represents conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node; during this phase, the ventricles are not yet depolarized. The ST segment is the only isoelectric period when the entire ventricle is depolarized.

When a person moves to a standing position, blood pools in the leg veins, causing decreased venous return to the heart, decreased cardiac output, and decreased arterial pressure. The baroreceptors detect the decrease in arterial pressure, and the vasomotor center is activated to increase sympathetic outflow and decrease parasympathetic outflow. There is an increase in heart rate (resulting in a decreased PR interval), contractility, and total peripheral resistance (TPR). Because both heart rate and contractility are increased, cardiac output will increase toward normal.

Pressures on the venous side of the circulation (e.g., central vein, right atrium, renal vein) are lower than pressures on the arterial side. Pressure in the pulmonary artery (and all pressures on the right side of the heart) is much lower than their counterparts on the left side of the heart. In the systemic circulation, systolic pressure is actually slightly higher in the downstream arteries (e.g., renal artery) than in the aorta because of the reflection of pressure waves at branch points.

Histamine is preformed mediator

ITP is type II hypersensitivity

Cardinal feature of acute inflammation is redness, swelling, pain, raised temperature & loss of function.

Source of histamine is mast cell

Oedema due to hypoproteinaemia occurs in protein losing enteropathy

In hyperaemia arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow

The series of changes resulting in the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis.

When the body is at rest, approximately 70% of the blood moves through the systemic circulation, about 18% through the pulmonary circulation, and 12% through the heart.

[Robbins 9th 48]

Explanation: Campylobacter species have been linked to GBS & post infectious reactive arthritis.

Myelin sheath is formed by Schwann cells

Large horse-shoe shaped nucleus is present in monocyte

Repolarization of action potential is caused by Efflux of K+

Pancreas produces serous secretion

Contents of superior mediastinum is phrenic nerve

Adrenal Cortex is derived from mesoderm

Wrist drop occurs following injury of radial nerve

Most abundant plasma protein is albumin

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is the parent molecule in the anterior pituitary for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), β-endorphin, α-lipotropin, and β-lipotropin (and in the intermediary lobe for melanocyte-stimulating hormone [MSH]). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is not a member of this “family”; rather, it is a member of the thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) “family.” MSH, a component of POMC and ACTH, may stimulate melatonin production. Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone are produced by the adrenal cortex.

Explanation: High blood pressure is the most common common risk factor globally

Explanation: uncultivable organisms (e.g. Mycobacterium leprae, Tropheryma whipplei )

No explanation added.

Explanation: BA: vesicular with prolonged expiration

Explanation: Passage of fresh blood in stool is called Hematochazia, altered blood: Melaena, Vomiting with blood: Hematemesis

Explanation: Absent ‘a’ wave in JVP-AF, Giant ‘V’ wave-TR

Explanation: Old age, depression and social isolation are also associated with a higher mortality

B1 deficiency – beri-beri. B2 deficiency- glossitis, angular stomatitis and cheilosis, B3 deficiency – pellagra.

Explanation: Frontal-Motor, Parietal-sensory, Temporal-audition, Occipital-Vision