Complex Sentence

PrepBank · পাতা ৩ / ৫ · ২০১–৩০০ / ৪৮৪

২০১.

He left the job to start afresh.

ক
ক) He left the job so that he could start afresh.
খ
খ) He left the job in order to he could start afresh.
গ
গ) He left the job so that he can start afresh.
ঘ
ঘ) He left the job so that he would start afresh.

ব্যাখ্যা

to+verb দিয়ে উদ্দেশ্য বুঝালে Complex Sentence এ so that/ in order that + sub + can/ may + verb এর base form বসে।

২০২.

Select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the given sentence: ''We were no more surprised than Rahman''.

ক
ক) We were as surprised as Rahim.
খ
খ) We were all surprised.
গ
গ) Rahman was less surprised than us.
ঘ
ঘ) We were as surprised as Rahman.

ব্যাখ্যা

We were no more surprised than Rahman. অর্থ-আমরা রহমানের চেয়ে বেশি বিস্মিত ছিলো না। এর মানে হলো, আমরা রহমানের মত বিস্মিত ছিলাম- We were as surprised as Rahman.

২০৩.

If you work hard, you will succeed in life.

ক
simple
খ
negative
গ
complex
ঘ
compound

ব্যাখ্যা

• If you work hard you will succeed in life - এই বাক্যটি হচ্ছে একটি complex sentence.

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

২০৪.

Which one is not an example of a complex sentence?

ক
ক) If I do, you will do.
খ
খ) The man who stole my bag was tall.
গ
গ) When he was four, he left his village.
ঘ
ঘ) In spite of his being poor, he is honest.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence এ সাধারণত একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক subordinate clause থাকে। Clause গুলো সাধারণত if, though, WH words, as, since, so ... that, as soon as, that, in order that, so that ইত্যাদি subordinate conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে।

সে অনুসারে, ক) খ) ও গ) হচ্ছে complex sentence.

ঘ) হচ্ছে Simple sentence.
একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে।
আলোচ্য বাক্যে একটিই clause আছে, আর ‘In spite of his being poor’ clause নয় এটি একটি phrase. অতএব, বাক্যটি একটি simple sentence.

২০৫.

In spite of the bad weather, we went there. (complex)

ক
The weather was bad, yet we went there.
খ
Although we went there, the weather was bad.
গ
Though the weather was bad, we went there.
ঘ
Though the bad weather, we go there.

ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - গ) Though the weather was bad, we went there.

যদি একটি Simple sentence-এ In spite of ব্যবহার করা থাকে, তাহলে তা Complex sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে Though বা Although ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
অপরদিকে, যদি একটি Complex sentence-এ Though বা Although থাকে, তবে তা Simple sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে In spite of ব্যবহার করা হয়।

• Example:
Simple: In spite of the bad weather, we went there.
Complex: Though the weather was bad, we went there.

• More examples:
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Simple: In spite of his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
Complex: Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.

Simple: In spite of his honesty, he is not happy.
Complex:Though he is honest, he is not happy.
or, Honest as he is, he is not happy.

Simple: In spite of his cruelty, I love him.
Complex: Though he is cruel, I love him.

Other options:
ক) The weather was bad, yet we went there।
এটা Compound sentence, কারণ দুটি Independent clause ("The weather was bad" এবং "we went there") সংযুক্ত হয়েছে coordinating conjunction "yet" দিয়ে।
খ) Although we went there, the weather was bad।
এটা grammatically ভুল।
ঘ) Though the bad weather, we go there।
এটা grammatically ভুল এবং অর্থহীন। "Though" থেকে subordinate clause তৈরি করতে "the bad weather" পর যথাযথ verb থাকা প্রয়োজন।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

২০৬.

The machines made in a local factory work well. (Make it complex)

ক
The machines which were made in a local factory work well.
খ
The machines that were made in a local factory work well.
গ
The machines were made in a local factory and they work well.
ঘ
Both a & b

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিণত করতে হলে একাধিক clause এ বিভক্ত করতে হবে এবং একটি relative pronoun/ adverb/ clause দ্বারা যুক্ত করতে হবে।
গঠনগত দিক থেকে প্রথম এবং দ্বিতীয় বাক্য দুটিই complex sentence.
আর তৃতীয় বাক্যটি compound sentence

২০৭.

The weather is too cold for them to go out. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) The weather is very cold that they could not go out.
খ
খ) The weather is so cold that they could not go out.
গ
গ) The weather is cold enough that they cannot go out.
ঘ
ঘ) The weather is so cold that they cannot go out.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple -- Complex
too..........to = এতই যে না।
So........... that = এতই যে ...

২০৮.

Which one of the following is a complex sentence?

ক
ক) Only the graduates need apply.
খ
খ) He is better than any other boy in the class.
গ
গ) We eat that we may live.
ঘ
ঘ) We saw him writing a letter.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence এ সাধারণত একটি প্রধান (principal) clause এবং এক বা একাধিক নির্ভরশীল (subordinate) clause থাকে। অর্থাৎ কমপক্ষে দুইটি subject এবং দুইটি finite verb থাকে। এ ছাড়া Complex Sentence এ Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, As, because, since, for, as if, If, Though, Although, after, before, Where, When, While, How, that, So that, In order that, Till, Until. Lest. Unless, in case, Than ইত্যাদি দ্বারা একাধিক clause যুক্ত থাকে।

২০৯.

We eat to live. (Complex)

ক
We eat because we live.
খ
We eat in order that we may live.
গ
We eat as we may live.
ঘ
We eat that we live.

ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - খ) We eat in order that we may live.

Simple Sentence-এ যদি to + verb দ্বারা কোনো উদ্দেশ্য (purpose) প্রকাশ পায়, তাহলে তাকে Complex Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
Simple Sentence এর to উঠে যাবে, এর জায়গায় in order that + NP + can/may অথবা so that + NP + can/may বসাতে হবে।

Example:
Simple: We eat to live. (আমরা বাঁচার জন্য খাই। বাঁচা = to live এখানে 'উদ্দেশ্য' বুঝাচ্ছে।)
Complex: We eat in order that we may live (আমরা খাই এই উদ্দেশ্যে যে যেন আমরা বাঁচতে পারি।)
or, We eat so that we may live.

More Example:
Simple: We hired a boat to go there.
Complex: We hired a boat in order that we might go there.
or, We hired a boat so that we might go there.

Simple: We live in houses to be comfortable.
Complex: We live in houses so that we may be comfortable.
or, We live in houses in order that we may be comfortable.

Other options:
ক) We eat because we live.
- Bangla meaning: আমরা খাই কারণ আমরা বেঁচে আছি।
- এটি কারণ বোঝায়, উদ্দেশ্য নয়।
- মূল বাক্যে উদ্দেশ্য ছিল — "বাঁচার জন্য খাই"
- তাই অর্থ পাল্টে গেছে।

গ) We eat as we may live.
- Bangla meaning: আমরা খাই যেহেতু আমরা বাঁচতে পারি।
- “as” → সাধারণত কারণ/সময়ের অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে সঠিক নয়।
- ভুল গঠন ও অর্থ।

ঘ) We eat that we live.
- আমরা খাই যে আমরা বাঁচি।
- “that” ব্যবহৃত হলেও বাক্যটি grammatical নয়।
- Correct form would be: “We eat so that we may live” বা “in order that”
- তাই এটি ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

২১০.

Seven years have passed since ______ his wife in a car accident.

ক
ক) he has lost
খ
খ) he lost
গ
গ) he had lost
ঘ
ঘ) he was lost

ব্যাখ্যা

since এর আগের অংশ যে কোনো Present Tense (এখানে Present Perfect) হলে, পরের অংশ Past Indefinite Tense হয়। তাই সঠিক উত্তর (খ)।
আর since এর আগের অংশ Past Indefinite Tense হলে, পরের অংশ Past Perfect Tense হয়।

২১১.

Because of the heavy rain, we stayed at home. (Complex)

ক
Since it rain heavily, we stayed at home.
খ
Although it rained heavily, yet we stayed at home.
গ
Although it rained heavily, we stayed at home.
ঘ
Since it rained heavily, we stayed at home.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple: Because of the heavy rain, we stayed at home.
Complex: Since it rained heavily, we stayed at home.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
• প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of their playing well, they won the game.
Complex: Since they played well, they won the game.

Simple: Because of his hard work, he passed the exam.
Complex: Since he worked hard, he passed the exam.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.

২১২.

Make it complex: "Having mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards."

ক
She had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.
খ
She began creating beautifully crafted cards so she had to master the art of calligraphy.
গ
Therefore she mastered the art of calligraphy she began creating beautifully crafted cards..
ঘ
When she had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence:
- Simple Sentence এ Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত থাকে।
- Complex Sentence করার ক্ষেত্রে Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে। এরপরে, Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ বসে।

Simple Sentence: Having mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.
Complex Sentence: When she had mastered the art of calligraphy, she began creating beautifully crafted cards.

- এ বাক্যে প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসেছে।
- তারপর Subject - she বসেছে।
- এরপর had + Verb এর past participle form - mastered বসেছে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।

More Examples:
Simple Sentence: Having studied computer programming, he launched his own software development company.
Complex Sentence: When he had studied computer programming, he launched his own software development company.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২১৩.

Identify the complex sentence.

ক
The talented musicians performed a brilliant concert for the delighted audience.
খ
The ancient city's ruins stood as a testament to its glorious past.
গ
Having completed the marathon, the runner felt an immense sense of accomplishment.
ঘ
As the team faced unexpected budget cuts, their months of hard work seemed at risk.

ব্যাখ্যা

• উল্লিখিত অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে Complex sentence - As the team faced unexpected budget cuts, their months of hard work seemed at risk.

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
যেমন:

• অন্যদিকে,
• Simple sentence:
- A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause that expresses a complete thought.
- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে,
- যেমন:
- The sun shines brightly in the sky.
- The talented musicians performed a brilliant concert for the delighted audience.
- The ancient city's ruins stood as a testament to its glorious past.
- Having completed the marathon, the runner felt an immense sense of accomplishment.

• Compound sentence:
- এ একের অধিক principal clause থাকে যাদেরকে co-ordinate clause বলা হয়।
- অর্থাৎ Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
- এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি coordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।
-যেমন:
- The movie was really interesting, but it was quite long.

• Compound-Complex Sentences:
- A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
- যেমন - Although it was raining heavily, they continued their hike, and they eventually reached the summit despite the challenging weather conditions.

২১৪.

Transform the following sentences as directed. (29 - 31)
The sun had set, they returned to their abode. (Complex)

ক
As soon as the sun had set, they returned to their abode.
খ
As the sun had set, they returned to their abode.
গ
If the sun had set, they returned to their abode.
ঘ
Whenever the sun had set, they returned to their abode.

ব্যাখ্যা

প্রদত্ত বাক্যের অর্থ – সূর্য ডুবার পরে তারা তাদের বাসস্থানে ফিরে গেল।
As অর্থ যখন, যেহেতু, যেভাবে ইত্যাদি। এখানে যখন অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হওয়ায় b সঠিক।
As soon as দিয়ে করতে না করতেই, হতে না হতেই এ রকম অর্থ বুঝায়, আর

২১৫.

The weather was gloomy, but the atmosphere was cheerful. (Complex)

ক
As the weather was gloomy, the atmosphere was cheerful.
খ
Since the weather was gloomy, the atmosphere was cheerful.
গ
Though the weather was gloomy, the atmosphere was cheerful.
ঘ
The weather was gloomy and the atmosphere was cheerful.

ব্যাখ্যা

Compound Sentence: The weather was gloomy, but the atmosphere was cheerful.
Complex Sentence: Though the weather was gloomy, the atmosphere was cheerful.

→ Compound Sentence এ but থাকলে Complex Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Though/Although ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• Complex Sentence:
→ যে sentence- এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
→ Complex Sentence এর Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

More Example:
Compound sentence: He is poor but he is honest
Complex Sentence: Though he is poor, he is honest.

২১৬.

Though he tried to pray, he could not get rid of the curse. (Make it compound)

ক
ক) He tried to pray and could not get rid of the curse.
খ
খ) He tried to pray but could not get rid of the curse.
গ
গ) He could not get rid of the curse so he tried to pray.
ঘ
ঘ) None

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে: He tried to pray but could not get rid of the curse.
- প্রদত্ত sentence টি complex sentence.
- Though/although যুক্ত complex sentence কে compound sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম : Though/although উঠে যায় + ১ম clause টি বসে + but + ২য় clause বসে।

Source : Applied English Grammar and Composition by P. C. Das.

২১৭.

'She was not so young as I expected'. The sentence is a -

ক
ক) simple sentence
খ
খ) compound sentence
গ
গ) complex sentence
ঘ
ঘ) Exclamatory sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

• 'She was not so young as I expected'. The sentence is a - - complex sentence.
• Complex Sentence:
- দুটি clause relative pronoun দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকলে সেই sentence কে Complex Sentence বলে।
- প্রশ্নে Co-ordinating conjunction so ...... as দ্বারা দুটি clause কে যুক্ত করেছে।
- তাই এটি complex sentence.

২১৮.

I closed the door as soon as ______ the fear.

ক
ক) I felt
খ
খ) I was feeling
গ
গ) I have felt
ঘ
ঘ) I had felt

ব্যাখ্যা

As soon as
- If you say that something happens as soon as something else happens, you mean that it happens immediately after the other thing.
ইংরেজি গ্রামারের সাধারণ নিয়মানুযায়ী:
- as soon as এর পূর্বে ও পরের tense একই হয়।
- অর্থাৎ, যেহেতু প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নে as soon as এর পূর্বের অংশ past indefinite tense, সুতরাং পরের অংশ ও past indefinite tense হবে।

অতএব সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে: I closed the door as soon as I felt the fear.

২১৯.

Which of the following sentences is a compound sentence?

ক
ক) The ocean waves crashed against the rocky shore.
খ
খ) Although the weather was gloomy, she decided to go for a walk in the park.
গ
গ) After years of hard work and sacrifice, Emily finally achieved her lifelong dream of becoming a successful author.
ঘ
ঘ) She studied diligently for the exam, so she was confident in her abilities when the test day arrived.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence:
- A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause that expresses a complete thought.
- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে,
- যেমন: The ocean waves crashed against the rocky shore.

• Compound sentence-
- এ একের অধিক principal clause থাকে যাদেরকে co-ordinate clause বলা হয়।
- অর্থাৎ Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
- এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি co-ordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।
-যেমন: She studied diligently for the exam, so she was confident in her abilities when the test day arrived.

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
যেমন:
- After years of hard work and sacrifice, Emily finally achieved her lifelong dream of becoming a successful author.
- Although the weather was gloomy, she decided to go for a walk in the park.

২২০.

“The boy who is industrious will shine in life.” This is an example of -

ক
ক) Simple sentence
খ
খ) Imperative sentence
গ
গ) Optative sentence
ঘ
ঘ) Complex sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী বাক্যটি হচ্ছে complex sentence.

২২১.

His throat was dry and they could not speak. (Make it Complex)

ক
ক) As his throat was dry, he could not speak.
খ
খ) His throat was dry so that he could not speak.
গ
গ) His throat was dry in order that he could not speak.
ঘ
ঘ) When his throat dry, he could not speak.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তরঃ ক) As their throats were dry, they could not speak.
Compound sentence এ "কারণ + And + ফলাফল" - এই structure থাকলে Complex করার সময় "As/ Since/ Because + কারণ + ফলাফল" - structure follow করতে হয়।

তবে এ রকম ‍Structure দিয়ে সময়ও বুঝাতে পারে, অর্থাৎ After their throats’ being dry = তাদের গলা শুকিয়ে যাওয়ার পরে, তারা কথা বলতে পারছিল না।
এ ‍হিসেবে (ঘ) কে শুদ্ধ মনে হতে পারে। কিন্তু এখানে Throat noun এর পরে was -verb নেই। তাই এটা ভুল।

২২২.

He is rich but unhappy. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) He is rich and unhappy at the same time.
খ
খ) As he is rich, he is happy.
গ
গ) Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
ঘ
ঘ) He is rich and unhappy.

ব্যাখ্যা

- সাধারণত, Compound sentence এ but থাকলে তাকে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে though/although ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

- সুতরাং, Complex বাক্যটি হবে Though he is rich, he is unhappy.

সূত্র: Cliff's TOEFL

২২৩.

‘I know what his name is’ - is a _________ sentence.

ক
ক) Simple
খ
খ) Compound
গ
গ) Complex
ঘ
ঘ) Simplex

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence এ who, which, that, what ইত্যাদি relative pronoun দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকে।
প্রদত্ত বাক্যে ‘I know’ এবং ‘his name is’ হলো দুটি clause, যা what দ্বারা যুক্ত রয়েছে।
সুতরাং বাক্যটি হবে complex.

২২৪.

After the completion of the project, we celebrated with a team dinner. (Make it complex)

ক
When the project had completed, we celebrated with a team dinner.
খ
As the project completed, we celebrated with a team dinner.
গ
Since the project had completed, we celebrated with a team dinner.
ঘ
After the project had completed, we celebrated with a team dinner.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Before/after/ ইত্যাদি যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করতে দুইটি নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা যায়।
- Sequence of tense এর নিয়মানুযায়ী যদি after যুক্ত clause টি past perfect tense এ হয়, তবে পরের cluse টি past indefinite এ হবে।
- অর্থাৎ,
- প্রথমে After বসবে।
- এরপর subject + verb এর past perfect form বসে
- তারপর দ্বিতীয় subject + verb এর past form বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হচ্ছে - After the project had completed, we celebrated with a team dinner.

• আবার,
- After এর পরিবর্তে when বসে,
- verb এর past indefinite form বসে
- দ্বিতীয় subject + বাকি অংশ।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী complex sentence টি হবে - When the competition completed, we celebrated with a team dinner.

২২৫.

Make it a Compound Sentence: Having prepared the dish, she set the lunch table.

ক
She had prepared the dish and sat the lunch table.
খ
She had prepare the dish and set the lunch table.
গ
She had prepared the dish but set the lunch table.
ঘ
She had prepared the dish and set the lunch table.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Perfect Participle যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Compound Sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Subject বসে,
- Perfect Participle এর past Perfect form বসে,
- and বসে,
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

Simple Sentence: Having prepared the dish, she set the lunch table.
Compound Sentence: She had prepared the dish and set the lunch table.

- প্রথমে Subject বসেছে।
- এ বাক্যে Perfect Participle হচ্ছে - Having prepared.
- যার past Perfect form হচ্ছে - had prepared.
- এরপর গঠন অনুযায়ী বাক্যের বাকী অংশ বসে।

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৬.

Inaaya worked hard and I rewarded her. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) Inaaya worked hard so that I rewarded her.
খ
খ) Inaaya worked hard so I worked rewarded her.
গ
গ) As Inaaya worked hard, i rewarded her.
ঘ
ঘ) Since Inaaya worked hard, so i rewarded her.

ব্যাখ্যা

• কারণ +And + ফলাফল = > As/ Since/ Because+ কারণ + ফলাফল
- অর্থাৎ, and যুক্ত compound sentence এর প্রথম clause টি যদি কারণ এবং এরপরের cluse টি ফলাফল নির্দেশ করে -
- তবে, As/ Since/ Because+ কারণ + ফলাফল এভাবে complex sentence এ পরিণত করতে হয়।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী - As Inaaya worked hard, i rewarded her - সঠিক বাক্য।

২২৭.

Make it complex: Having done this, she went away.

ক
She had done this, she went away.
খ
She went away so she had to do this.
গ
When she had done this, she went away.
ঘ
Therefore she done this she went away.

ব্যাখ্যা

♦ Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence: (Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত)
• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

- এ বাক্যে প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসেছে।
- তারপর Subject - she বসেছে।
- এরপর had + Verb এর past participle form - done বসেছে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।

Simple: Having done this, she went away.
Complex: When she had done this she went away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৮.

Because of his dedication, the project was successful. (complex)

ক
Because he was dedicated, the project was successful.
খ
Since he was dedicated, the project was successful.
গ
In case he was dedicated, the project was successful.
ঘ
If he was dedicated, the project was successful.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এ Since/ as ব্যবহৃত হয়,
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে,
- Adjective /Noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of his dedication, the project was successful.
Complex: Since he was dedicated, the project was successful.

২২৯.

I know where he lives. The sentence is a -

ক
ক) compound sentence
খ
খ) complex sentence
গ
গ) negative sentence
ঘ
ঘ) simple sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

দুটি clause relative pronoun দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকলে সেই sentence কে complex sentence বলে। তাই ‘where’ relative pronoun দ্বারা যুক্ত sentence টি complex sentence.

২৩০.

Because of her carelessness, she lost her wallet. (Transform to complex sentence.)

ক
As she was careless, she lose her wallet.
খ
As she was careless, she lost her wallet.
গ
As she is careless, she lost her wallet.
ঘ
As her being careless, she lost her wallet.
ঙ
None

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple Sentence: Because of her carelessness, she lost her wallet.
Complex Sentence: As she was careless, she lost her wallet.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এর পরিবর্তে Since/ as ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- তারপর Subject বসে + Verb বসে,
- এরপর Adjective /Noun + Comma বসে,
- সবশেষে অপর clause টি বসে।

More example:
Simple: Because of my illness, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

২৩১.

Choose the complex form of -
A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.

ক
A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
খ
A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
গ
A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
ঘ
A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.

ব্যাখ্যা

[46th BCS Preli]

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে।

• Example:
Simple - An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex - A boy who is industrious can shine in life.

তাই, সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে -
Simple: A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.
Complex: A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.

Other options,
ক) A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
- এখানে "cannot respect others" বলা হয়েছে। মূল বাক্যে বলা হচ্ছে cannot win the respect of others, মানে অন্যদের শ্রদ্ধা পাওয়া যাবে না। এখানে অর্থ বদলে গেছে।

খ) A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
- এখানে বলা হয়েছে, যে মানুষ অন্যদের প্রতি শ্রদ্ধা দেখায় না, তারা corrupt, অর্থ পুরোটা ভিন্ন। মূল বাক্যের সঙ্গে মিল নেই।

ঘ) A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
- এখানে মূল বাক্যের বিপরীত অর্থ বলা হয়েছে। মূল বাক্যের অর্থ হচ্ছে corrupt man cannot win respect, কিন্তু এখানে বলা হচ্ছে যে মানুষ respect পেতে পারে, সে corrupt নয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৩২.

The match was cancelled because of raining heavily. (make it complex)

ক
Since it is raining heavily, the match was cancelled.
খ
Since it was raining heavily, the match was cancelled.
গ
Since it was raining heavily, the match is cancelled.
ঘ
Since the match was cancelled, it was raining heavily,

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: Since it was raining heavily, the match was cancelled.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- “Because of” সাধারণত noun phrase বা gerund নিয়ে শুরু হয়।
- “Because of” সরিয়ে Since বসাতে হয়।
- তারপরে subject + verb বসাতে হয়।
- বাক্যের শেষে comma দিয়ে মূল clause বসাতে হয়।
- Structure: Since + subject + verb + (adjective/noun/phrase), + main clause.

Other options:

ক) Since it is raining heavily, the match was cancelled.
- ভুল কারণ, Principal Clause টি Past tense এ থাকায় Subordinate Clause টিও Past tense এ হবে।

গ) Since it was raining heavily, the match is cancelled.
- ভুল কারণ, Principal Clause ও Subordinate Clause একই Tense এ হবে।

ঘ) Since the match was cancelled, it was raining heavily.
- এই বাক্যটির অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ বদলে গেছে। এখানে বলা হচ্ছে ম্যাচ বাতিল হওয়ার কারণে বৃষ্টি হচ্ছিল, প্রকৃত বাক্যের অর্থের বিপরীত।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain

২৩৩.

Change the following sentence into a Complex sentence:
"The recession was too severe for many countries to recover quickly in the world economy."

ক
The recession was so severe for many countries and they could not recover quickly in the world economy.
খ
The recession was too severe for many countries that they could not recover quickly in the world economy.
গ
The recession was so severe for many countries that they could not recover quickly in the world economy.
ঘ
The recession was very severe for many countries that they could not recover quickly in the world economy.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple Sentence: The recession was too severe for many countries to recover quickly in the world economy.
Complex Sentence: The recession was so severe for many countries that they could not recover quickly in the world economy.

• Simple to complex (too....to → so.....that):

• Simple sentence- এ too + adjective + to + verb থাকলে, Complex sentence- এ too এর স্থলে so এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।

More Example:
Simple Sentence: She is too tired to stay awake.
complex Sentence: She is so tired that she cannot stay awake.

২৩৪.

I know his location. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) I know where does he lives.
খ
খ) I know where he lives.
গ
গ) I know what his location.
ঘ
ঘ) I know what his location was.

ব্যাখ্যা

I know where he lives.
বাংলা অনুবাদ- আমি জানি যে কোথায় থাকে।

Simple sentence এর verb এর পর যদি এক বা একাধিক word এর একটি object থাকে এবং সেইটা যদি কোন স্থানকে বোঝায় তাহলে complex করার সময় where বসবে এবং সময় বোঝালে when ব্যবহৃত হয়।

যে sentence এ একটি Independent বা principal clause এবং অন্তত একটি dependent বা subordinate clause থাকে এবং clause গুলোকে সংযুক্ত করতে subordinate conjunction ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাদেরকে Complex sentence বা জটিল বাক্য বলা হয়।

Reference: Essential Grammar in Use, Raymond Murphy

২৩৫.

Because of the rain, the match was postponed. [complex]

ক
Since it rains, the match was postponed.
খ
Despite it rained, the match was postponed.
গ
Since it rained, the match was postponed.
ঘ
At the time of rained, the match was postponed.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:

• প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of his hard work, he passed the exam.
Complex: Since he worked hard, he passed the exam.

Simple: Because of the rain, the match was postponed.
Complex: Since it rained, the match was postponed.

Other options,
ক) Since it rains, the match was postponed.
- ভুল, কারণ এখানে "it rains" (Present tense) ব্যবহার হয়েছে। অথচ মূল বাক্যে কাজটি অতীতে হয়েছে (was postponed).

খ) Despite it rained, the match was postponed.
- "Despite" মানে "সত্ত্বেও"। এটি বিপরীত অর্থ দেয়। এর মানে দাঁড়ায় "বৃষ্টি হওয়া সত্ত্বেও ম্যাচ postpone হয়েছিল" - যা অযৌক্তিক। তাছাড়া 'Despite' simple sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।

ঘ) At the time of rained, the match was postponed.
- এটি grammatically ভুল। "At the time of" এর পরে noun বা gerund (-ing form) ব্যবহার হয়, verb এর past form নয়। তাছাড়া 'At the time of' simple sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.

২৩৬.

Which one is a complex sentence?

ক
The crowd shouted at the hero.
খ
The crowd saw the hero shouting.
গ
The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
ঘ
As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.

ব্যাখ্যা

ব্যাখ্যা:
যে Sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
এই বাক্যে they started shouting অংশটি Principal clause এবং পূর্ববর্তী অংশটি Subordinate Clause।

২৩৭.

But for her instigation, he would not have killed the king.

ক
ক) Though she instigated him, he would not have killed the king.
খ
খ) If she had not instigated him, he would not have killed the king.
গ
গ) If she did not instigate him, he would not have killed the king.
ঘ
ঘ) If she not instigated him, he would not have killed the king.

ব্যাখ্যা

but for = without
Simple Sentence এ without থাকলে Complex Sentence এ if not/ unless বসে।
ব্যতিক্রমধর্মী কোন Preposition বা Conjunction থাকলে প্রথমে চেষ্টা করবেন, কোনো Common Preposition বা Conjunction এর সাথে এর মিল পাওয়া যায় কি না।

২৩৮.

Hardly had the train stopped __.

ক
ক) Then we got down
খ
খ) When we got down
গ
গ) As we got down
ঘ
ঘ) Than we got down

ব্যাখ্যা

Hardly had / scarcely had থাকলে sentence এর পরবর্তী clause ‘when’ দিয়ে শুরু হয়, এবং when এর পূর্বের অংশ past perfect tense এবং পরবর্তী অংশ past indefinite tense এ হয়। কিন্তু No sooner had থাকলে পরের clause টি ‘than’ দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

২৩৯.

‘He is poor but honest’ find the complex form-

ক
ক) He being poor is honest.
খ
খ) Inspite of his honesty he is poor.
গ
গ) Despite his poverty he is honest.
ঘ
ঘ) Although he is poor he is honest.

ব্যাখ্যা

Compound sentence এ But থাকলে Complex sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Though/although ব্যবহৃত হয়।

২৪০.

This tree is too high for me to climb.

ক
ক) This tree is so high for me to climb.
খ
খ) This tree is so high that I cannot climb.
গ
গ) This tree is high enough that I cannot climb.
ঘ
ঘ) This tree is enough high that I cannot climb.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple Sentence এ too …. to থাকলে Complex Sentence এ so….. that +sub+ cannot বসে।

২৪১.

She was tired and could not complete the assignment. (Make it complex)

ক
Since she was tired so she could not complete the assignment.
খ
As she was tired she could not complete the assignment.
গ
She was tired so could not complete the assignment.
ঘ
She was tired so that she could not complete the assignment.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Compound to complex: And যুক্ত Compound কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- Sentence এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে
- প্রথম Sentence বসে
- and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে।
Structure: Since/As/When + প্রথম Sentence + and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Compound: She was tired and could not complete the assignment.
• Complex: As she was tired she could not complete the assignment.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain

২৪২.

Despite being sick, Hasiba went to the office. (Complex)

ক
Hasiba was sick that she went to the office.
খ
As though Hasiba was sick that she went to the office.
গ
Though Hasiba was sick, she went to the office.
ঘ
Though Hasiba was sick that she went to the office.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple to complex:

• Simple sentence এ যদি In spite of/ despite থাকে তাহলে complex sentence এ though/although বসে।

- Though/Although,
- subject,
- person ও number অনুসারে verb,
- 2nd clause (অপরিবর্তিত থাকে)।

Simple: Despite being sick, Hasiba went to the office.
Complex: Though Hasiba was sick, she went to the office.

২৪৩.

In case of his not abiding by the rules, the authority will punish him. (Make it complex)

ক
Whether he does not abide by the rules, the authority will be punished him.
খ
If he does not abide by the rules, the authority will punish him.
গ
Unless he does not abide by the rules, the authority will punish him.
ঘ
As he not abides by the rules, the authority will be punished him.

ব্যাখ্যা

• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- in case of এর পরিবর্তে if বসে
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - If he does not abide by the rules, the authority will punish him.
• Unless নিজেই negative অর্থ প্রদান করে বিধায় এর সাথে আর কোনো negative শব্দ বসাতে হয় না।

২৪৪.

Find out the complex sentence.

ক
ক) He is unfortunately failed.
খ
খ) It is unfortunate that he failed.
গ
গ) It is unfortunate to fail.
ঘ
ঘ) He unfortunately failed.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex Sentence: যে Sentence এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause (if, though, as because, since, that, when, why, who, while ইত্যাদি) থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।

প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে - It is unfortunate that he failed - এই বাক্যটিতে একটি principal clause এবং একটি subordinate clause, that দ্বারা যুক্ত আছে।

২৪৫.

The complex form of the simple sentence 'The management of the bank is thoroughly meticulous' should be-

ক
ক) The management of the bank is as meticulous as it could be.
খ
খ) The management of the bank is very meticulous.
গ
গ) The management of the bank is very meticulous as it could be.
ঘ
ঘ) The management of the bank is very much meticulous.

ব্যাখ্যা

কোনো ব্যাখ্যা যোগ করা হয়নি।

২৪৬.

He wanted to succeed and so he worked hard. (Make it complex)

ক
He worked hard so that he could succeed.
খ
When he wanted to succeed, he started working hard.
গ
He worked hard for being succeed.
ঘ
If he worked hard, he could succeed.

ব্যাখ্যা

♦ Compound to complex:

• Compound থেকে complex এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে প্রথমে দুটি clause এর মধ্যে সম্পর্ক কী সেটা আগে নির্ণয় করতে হবে।
- যেমন: কারণ-ফলাফল, কাজ-উদ্দেশ্য, ঘটনা-ঘটনার সময়, শর্ত-ফলাফল, ব্যক্তি-যে, বস্তু-যা ইত্যাদি।

• Compound থেকে Complex করতে হলে:
- Compound এর Conjunction বাদ দিতে হবে;
- Complex এর Conjunction যোগ করতে হবে;
- 2টি Clause এর মধ্যে ১টি Clause যেভাবে আছে সেভাবে রেখে দিতে হবে।

• He wanted to succeed and so he worked hard.
- এই sentence এর clause গুলোর মধ্যে ‘কাজ-উদ্দেশ্য’ সম্পর্ক বিদ্যমান।
- তাই complex sentence এর conjunction হিসেবে so that বসাতে হবে।

Compound: He wanted to succeed and so he worked hard.
Complex: He worked hard so that he could succeed.

২৪৭.

He came here at twenty. (make it complex)

ক
ক) He came here so that he can earn twenty.
খ
খ) He came here when he was twenty.
গ
গ) He came here while he is twenty years old
ঘ
ঘ) He came here because he was twenty.

ব্যাখ্যা

• simple sentence টি দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশ করলে when যুক্ত করে complex করতে হবে।
এখানে at twenty দ্বারা বুঝাচ্ছে ২০ বছর বয়সে।

- তাই সঠিক উত্তর - He came here when he was twenty.

২৪৮.

Transform it into a complex sentence:
She was crying at the time of the announcement.

ক
She cried when the announcement was made.
খ
She was crying when the announcement is made.
গ
She was crying when the announcement was made.
ঘ
She is crying when the announcement was made.

ব্যাখ্যা

• সঠিক উত্তর: গ) She was crying when the announcement was made.

- Simple sentence এ যদি at the time of থাকে তাহলে simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথম clause টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- at the time of এর পরিবর্তে when বসে।
- প্রথম clause টির tense এর form অনুযায়ী পরবর্তী clause টি the announcement was made হয়েছে।

Simple Sentence: She was crying at the time of the announcement.
Complex Sentence: She was crying when the announcement was made.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৪৯.

Rasel speaks like a leader. (Make it Complex)

ক
ক) Rasel speaks whether if he was a leader.
খ
খ) Rasel speaks as if he were a leader.
গ
গ) Rasel speaks as he was a leader.
ঘ
ঘ) None above these

ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence এ like+ phrase doing sth থাকলে Complex sentence এ as if/ as though + clause ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক - Complex form হলো -Rasel speaks as if he were a leader.

২৫০.

____ CEO and _____ chairman is coming.

ক
the, no article
খ
the, the
গ
no article, the
ঘ
the, a

ব্যাখ্যা

- প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নের সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে the, no article.
Complete Sentence: The CEO and chairman is coming.

• যখন দুই বা ততোধিক Noun বা Adjective একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বোঝায়, তখন কেবল প্রথম noun বা adjective এর পূর্বে article বসে। এগুলো subject হলে verbটি singular হয়।
Example:
- The Headmaster and secretary is coming.
- একই ব্যক্তি, যিনি হেডমাস্টার তিনিই সেক্রেটারি।

Source: Applied Englishn Grammar and Composition, P.C. DAS.

২৫১.

Walk fast lest you should miss the train. This is a—

ক
Simple sentence
খ
Complex sentence
গ
Compound sentence
ঘ
Interrogative sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

Walk fast lest you should miss the train'. This is a— Complex Sentence.

একটি main clause + subordinate clause থাকলে সেটি হয় Complex Sentence.
এখানে main clause হলো Walk fast এবং subordinate clause হলো lest you should miss the train.

Complex sentence এ দুটো clause থাকে, একটি independent clause অপরটি dependent clause.
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

২৫২.

Transform the simple sentence "In spite of his having a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work." into a complex sentence.

ক
Although he was a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
খ
Although he has a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
গ
Although he been a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work. .
ঘ
Although he had a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence: In spite of his having a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.
Complex sentence: Although he has a busy schedule, he always finds time for charity work.

• In spite of যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- In spite এর পরিবর্তে Though/Although বসে + subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Examples:
Simple: In spite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex: Although he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Simple: In spite of his having many friends, he often feels lonely.
Complex: Although he has many friends, he often feels lonely.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৫৩.

Which one is a complex sentence?

ক
ক) I work more in order to earn more money.
খ
খ) I work more so that I can earn more money.
গ
গ) I work more but I can't earn more money.
ঘ
ঘ) I work more and I can earn more money.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence- পরবর্তী অংশটি in order to দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে।
কিন্তু Complex Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে in order that / so that + sub + may/might দ্বারা পরবর্তী অংশ গঠিত হয়।
সুতরাং, I work more so that I can earn more money হলো একটি Complex Sentence.

২৫৪.

Transform it into a complex sentence:
Being tired, he could not walk.

ক
Though he was tired, he could not walk.
খ
Because he was tired, he could not walk.
গ
Since he is tired, he could not walk.
ঘ
He was tired and he could not walk.

ব্যাখ্যা

• উত্তর: খ) Because he was tired, he could not walk.

- Being tired, he could not walk.
- মূল বাক্যটি একটি simple sentence যেখানে “Being tired” একটি present participle phrase.
- এটিকে complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে একটি পূর্ণ subordinate clause ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- “Being tired” মানে হলো “Because he was tired” – অর্থ প্রকাশ করে কারণ।
- Complex sentence গঠনের জন্য “Because” conjunction ব্যবহার করে বাক্যটি যুক্ত করা হয়েছে।
- তাই সঠিক রূপ: Because he was tired, he could not walk.

Other options:
ক) Though he was tired, he could not walk. → “Though” ব্যবহৃত, অর্থ পরিবর্তিত হয়; ভুল।

গ) Since he is tired, he could not walk. → Tense mismatch (is ≠ could); ভুল।

ঘ) He was tired and he could not walk. → এটি compound sentence, complex নয়; ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২৫৫.

Transform the simple sentence into a complex sentence. "In spite of his having many responsibilities, he still manages to prioritize family time."

ক
Although he has been many responsibilities, he still manages to prioritize family time.
খ
Although he had many responsibilities, he still manages to prioritize family time.
গ
Although he has many responsibilities, he still manages to prioritize family time.
ঘ
Although he been many responsibilities, he still manages to prioritize family time.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence: In spite of his having many responsibilities, he still manages to prioritize family time.
Complex sentence: Although he has many responsibilities, he still manages to prioritize family time.

• In spite of যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- In spite এর পরিবর্তে Though/Although বসে + subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Examples:
Simple: In spite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex: Although he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Simple: In spite of his having many friends, he often feels lonely.
Complex: Although he has many friends, he often feels lonely.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৫৬.

Which of the following sentences is correct?

ক
Students study diligently so that they might have achieved academic success.
খ
Students study diligently so that they may achieved academic success.
গ
Students study diligently so that they might achieved academic success.
ঘ
Students study diligently so that they can achieve academic success.

ব্যাখ্যা

• So that যুক্ত complex sentence গুলোতে সাধারণত can, could, may, might ইত্যাদি বসে।
- প্রথম cluse এ present থাকলে so that এর পরে may/can ইত্যাদি বসে,
- past tense - এ থাকলে, তাই so that এর পরে can এর past form might/could বসে।

• প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাক্যের ১ম clause টি present tense এ আছে, তাই পরের clause এ may/can হবে।
- Correct sentence: Students study diligently so that they can achieve academic success.

২৫৭.

Which of the following sentences is a Complex Sentence?

ক
The sun was shining brightly, so we decided to go to the beach.
খ
I wanted to go outside, but it was too cold.
গ
She loves to read, and he enjoys watching movies.
ঘ
Though he was poor, he was honest.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্য:
- Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্যেতে সাধারণত দুটি Clause থাকে। এর একটি Independent clause, অপরটি Subordinate clause.
- Subordinate clause বাক্যের Object হিসেবে কাজ করে।
- Subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, til, unless, when, why, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• Example sentences:
1. The doctor came after the patient had died.
2. She cooked dinner while I set the table.

• Correct Sentence: Though he was poor, he was honest.
- প্রদত্ত sentence এ দুটি clause আছে, যা Though দ্বারা সংযুক্ত করা হয়েছে।

• উল্লিখিত বাকি অপশনগুলো হলো Compound sentence.

Source: A Passage To The English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.

২৫৮.

Rehana is very tired and cannot stay awake. (complex)

ক
Rehana is very tired that she cannot stay awake.
খ
Rehana is so tired that she cannot stay awake.
গ
Rehana is very tired and so that she cannot stay awake.
ঘ
Rehana is very tired so that she cannot stay awake.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Compound to Complex:

• Very...and যুক্ত compound sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিণত করতে হলে,
Complex এ very এর স্থলে so এবং and এর স্থলে that বসে।

Compound sentence: Rehana is very tired and cannot stay awake.
Complex Sentence: Rehana is so tired that she cannot stay awake.

২৫৯.

Fill in the gap: Though he is rich, ______.

ক
but he is miser.
খ
and he is miser.
গ
he is a miser.
ঘ
but he is a miser.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Though অর্থ হচ্ছে যদিও। complex sentence এ বৈপরীত্য বোঝাতে though ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- অর্থাৎ though যুক্ত বাক্যে সাধারণত দুটি বিপরীতমুখী Expressions থাকে এবং principal clause এর শুরুতে and , but কোনো কিছু যুক্ত হয় না।
- Though যুক্ত Clause- টি যে Tense- এ থাকে পরের Clause- টিও একই Tense- এ হয়।

• সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর - he is a miser.
- সম্পূর্ণ বাক্যটি - Though he is rich, he is a miser.

২৬০.

Having attended the meeting, they returned to their desks. (Make it Complex)

ক
When they have attended the meeting, they returned to their desks.
খ
After attending the meeting, they returned to their desks.
গ
When they had attended the meeting, they returned to their desks.
ঘ
After they attend the meeting, they returned to their desks.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple: Having attended the meeting, they returned to their desks.
Complex: When they had attended the meeting, they returned to their desks.

• Structure:
• Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence: (Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত)
• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

• এ বাক্যে প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসেছে।
- তারপর Subject - they বসেছে।
- এরপর had + Verb এর past participle form - attended বসেছে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ -
- Simple: Having told this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had told he went away.

- Simple: Having done this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had done this he went away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৬১.

‘The man who is standing next to me is a teacher.’ This is an example of-

ক
ক) Complex sentence
খ
খ) Simple sentence
গ
গ) Optative sentence
ঘ
ঘ) Complex-Compound sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

একটি complex sentence এ একটি principal clause এবং একটি subordinate clause থাকে। Subordinate clause টি if, although, before, who, which, whom, after, since, that ইত্যাদি দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়। যেমনঃ The man who is standing next to me is a teacher.

২৬২.

Take medicines regularly, else you may fall terribly sick. (Make it Complex)

ক
ক) If you not take medicines regularly, you may fall terribly sick.
খ
খ) Unless you not take medicines regularly, you may fall terribly sick.
গ
গ) If you do not take medicines regularly, you may fall terribly sick.
ঘ
ঘ) If you take medicines regularly, you may not fall terribly sick.

ব্যাখ্যা

else, otherwise, or = অন্যথায়, নতুবা
Compound Sentence এ বাক্যের প্রথম অংশ Imperative হলে, Complex Sentence এ If বসে।
আর মাঝে else, otherwise, or থাকলে If Clause টা Negative হয় (অথবা Unless + Affirmative Form হয়) ।
(মাঝে and থাকলে affirmative হয়। 13 নং প্রশ্ন দ্রষ্টব্য।)

২৬৩.

Which of the following is a Complex Sentence?

ক
Let them do this or they will die.
খ
If he helps us, we shall win.
গ
Move or you will die.
ঘ
Work hard or you can't prosper in life.

ব্যাখ্যা

• উল্লেখিত অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে - If he helps us, we shall win - বাক্যটি হচ্ছে complex sentence.
• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• অন্য অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে -
ক) Let them do this or they will die হচ্ছে Imperative and Compound sentence both.
গ) Move or you will die এবং Work hard or you can't prosper in life হচ্ছে Compound sentence.

• Compound sentence - এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি co-ordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।

২৬৪.

The house that has a red roof is mine. - This sentence is -

ক
Simple sentence
খ
Complex sentence
গ
Compound sentence
ঘ
Complex-Compound sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

২৬৫.

The machines which made in a local factory work well. (Make it Complex)

ক
ক) The machines that was made in a local factory work well.
খ
খ) The machines which made in a local factory work well.
গ
গ) The machines that were made in a local factory work well.
ঘ
ঘ) The machines that made in a local factory work well.

ব্যাখ্যা

Adjective + Noun বা Noun + Adjective থাকলে Complex করতে হলে Noun + Relative Pronoun + Tense অনুযায়ী Verb বসে।
এখানে made in a local factory – Adjective Phrase হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
The machines এর পরিবর্তে Relative Pronoun হিসেবে that বা which যে কোনটি বসানো শুদ্ধ। কিন্তু Passive – Sense প্রকাশ করার কারণে that/which এর পরে be – verb বসবে।
The machines যেহেতু Plural, তাই এর পরিবর্তে বসা that/which এর পরে Plural Verb - were বসবে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর (গ)।

২৬৬.

Rafique called me at the time of swimming. (make it complex)

ক
Rafique called me when I was running.
খ
Rafique called me when I am running.
গ
Rafique called me and I was running.
ঘ
Rafique called me when I was ran.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence- এ যদি at the time of থাকে তাহলে simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথম clause টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- at the time of এর পরিবর্তে when বসে।
- প্রথম clause টির tense এর form অনুযায়ী পরবর্তী clause টি I was swimming হয়েছে।

• Simple Sentence: Rafique called me at the time of swimming.
• Complex Sentence: Rafique called me when I was swimming.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৬৭.

"Though he is rich, he is polite." - This sentence is an example of -

ক
Simple Sentence
খ
Compound Sentence
গ
Complex Sentence
ঘ
Exclamatory sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

♦ Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী - Though he is rich, he is polite. হচ্ছে complex sentence.

২৬৮.

Because of her dedication, she won the scholarship. [Complex]

ক
In order to she was dedicated, she won the scholarship.
খ
As she was dedicated, she won the scholarship.
গ
Since she was dedicated, she win the scholarship.
ঘ
She was dedicated, she won the scholarship.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এর পরিবর্তে Since/ as ব্যবহৃত হয়।
-তারপর Subject বসে + Verb বসে,
- এরপর Adjective /Noun + Comma বসে,
- সবশেষে অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর
Simple: Because of her dedication, she won the scholarship.
Complex: As she was dedicated, she won the scholarship.

More examples:
Simple: Because of my illness, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Simple: Because of her injury, she couldn't participate in the competition.
Complex: As she was injured, she couldn't participate in the competition.

২৬৯.

He was too honest to show an excuse. (make it Complex)

ক
He was honest that he could not show an excuse.
খ
He was so honest, and he could not show an excuse.
গ
He was too honest that he could not show an excuse.
ঘ
He was so honest that he could not show an excuse.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: He was so honest that he could not show an excuse.

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence- কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টি আবারো বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not / could not বসে।
- to উঠে যায়।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

Other options:
ক) He was honest that he could not show an excuse.
- ভুল কারণ, Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence- কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।

খ) ভুল কারণ, Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence- কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে। তারপর that বসে।

গ) He was too honest that he could not show an excuse.
- ভুল কারণ, Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence- কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭০.

Having completed the project, she took a vacation. (Make it Complex)

ক
As she completed the project, she took a vacation.
খ
She completed the project, therefore she took a vacation.
গ
When she had completed the project, she took a vacation.
ঘ
After completing the project, she had taken a vacation.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple: Having completed the project, she took a vacation.
• Complex: When she had completed the project, she took a vacation.

• Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে।
- তারপর Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form বসে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ -
- Simple: Having told this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had told he went away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭১.

He was too tired to continue working. (make it Complex)

ক
He was so tired that he could not continue working.
খ
He was so tired, and he could not continue working.
গ
He was too tired that he could not continue working.
ঘ
He was tired that he could not continue working.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: He was too tired to continue working.
• Complex sentence: He was so tired that he could not continue working.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭২.

Having eaten lunch, he resumed work. (Make it complex)

ক
When he had eaten lunch, he resumed work.
খ
When he eat lunch, he resumed work.
গ
Because he eaten lunch, he resumed work.
ঘ
Since he ate lunch, he resumed work.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: Having eaten lunch, he resumed work.
- Complex: When he had eaten lunch, he resumed work.

• Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে।
- তারপর Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form বসে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিতভাবে বসে।

• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

• More examples:
- Simple: Having completed the task, she took a rest.
- Complex: When he had completed the task, she took a rest.

- Simple: Having finished the work, he left the office.
- Complex: When he had finished the work, he left the office.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭৩.

He said that he had gone to khulna. (Make it Compound)

ক
ক) He told that he went to khulna.
খ
খ) He said and he had gone to khulna.
গ
গ) He said when he had gone to khulna.
ঘ
ঘ) He had gone to khulna and he said this.

ব্যাখ্যা

• প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যটি Complex sentence.
- Complex sentence এ যদি একটি that clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি clause যদি 'that দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে তাকে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হলে that এর পরবর্তী clause টিকে প্রথমে লিখে তারপর and যোগ করে that এর আগের clauseটি বসাতে হয় এবং তার শেষে it/this বসাতে হয়।

Example:
Complex: He said that he had gone to khulna.
Compound: He had gone to khulna and he said this.

Complex: I know that he is honest.
Compound: He is honest and I know it.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২৭৪.

Save money lest you should suffer in the future.
This is a -

ক
Simple sentence
খ
Optative sentence
গ
Complex sentence
ঘ
Compound sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

• Save money lest you should suffer in the future. This is a - Complex sentence.

• আমরা জানি,
- Complex sentence এ দুটো clause থাকে, একটি independent clause অপরটি dependent clause.
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• "Save money lest you should suffer in the future" প্রদত্ত বাক্যটিতে, "Save money" is an imperative clause, which functions as a command or instruction. It is the main clause of the sentence.
- "lest you should suffer in the future" is a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction "lest."
- The sentence as a whole conveys a warning or advice to save money in order to avoid suffering in the future.

Source: Cliff's TOEFL, A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hossain.

২৭৫.

I earn money in order to live a happy life. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) To live a happy life, I earn money.
খ
খ) Living a happy life, I earn money.
গ
গ) I earn money so that I may live a happy life.
ঘ
ঘ) Earning money is the best way to live a happy life.

ব্যাখ্যা

I earn money in order to live a happy life.
বাংলা অনুবাদ- উন্নত মানের জীবন অতিবাহিত করবার জন্য আমি অর্থ উপার্জন করি।

simple sentence এ যদি in order to থাকে, এবং সেই sentence কে যদি complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়, তাহলে in order to এর জায়গায় so that + subject + may বসবে।

যে sentence এ একটি Independent বা principal clause এবং অন্তত একটি dependent বা subordinate clause থাকে এবং clause গুলোকে সংযুক্ত করতে subordinate conjunction ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাদেরকে Complex sentence বা জটিল বাক্য বলা হয়।

Reference: Essential Grammar in Use, Raymond Murphy

২৭৬.

"Tell me who is coming to the party."
What type of sentence is it?

ক
Optative sentence
খ
Simple sentence
গ
Compound sentence
ঘ
Complex sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

• "Tell me who is coming to the party." It is a Complex sentence.

• Complex Sentence:
- Complex sentence এ প্রধানত একটি principal clause থাকে এবং এক বা একাধিক subordinate clause থাকে।
- Dependent clause বা subordinate clause টি principal clause/main clause -এর উপর নির্ভরশীল থাকে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause -এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, whatever, while, what ইত্যাদি বসে।

• "Tell me who is coming to the party."
- আমাকে বলো কে পার্টিতে আসছে।

• প্রদত্ত বাক্যটিতে, "Tell me who is coming to the party.” একটি Complex Sentence, কারণ এখানে একটি প্রধান clause (Tell me) এবং একটি subordinate clause (who is coming to the party) আছে।
- subordinate clause "who is coming to the party" এখানে object হিসেবে কাজ করছে।

• Other Options:
• Optative sentence:
- Optative sentence wish বা desire প্রকাশ করে (যেমন: May God bless you)। এখানে wish নেই, তাই এটি ভুল।

• Simple sentence:
- Simple sentence এ শুধু একটি clause থাকে। কিন্তু “Say what you know” এ দুইটি clause আছে (Main clause: Say, Subordinate clause: what you know), তাই এটি ভুল।

• Compound sentence:
- Compound sentence এ দুই বা তার বেশি independent clause থাকে। এখানে dependent clause আছে, তাই এটি ভুল।

২৭৭.

Hurry up or you will fail to do that. (Make it Complex)

ক
ক) Unless you hurry up, you will fail to do that.
খ
খ) If you hurry up, you will fail to do that.
গ
গ) If you don’t hurry up, you will not fail to do that.
ঘ
ঘ) When you hurry up, you will fail to do that.

ব্যাখ্যা

Imperative Clause + or (+ another clause) থাকলে Unless + you + Verb (+ another clause)/ If + you + don’t + Verb (+ another clause) বসে।

২৭৮.

I will kill you if you don't speak the truth. (Make it compound)

ক
ক) Speak the truth, then I will not kill you.
খ
খ) I will kill you, if you don't speak the truth.
গ
গ) I will kill you, if you speak the truth.
ঘ
ঘ) Speak the truth or I will kill you.

ব্যাখ্যা

If যুক্ত অংশটি যদি negative হয়, তবে compound sentence টি তে 'or' conjunction যুক্ত হবে।
তাই, সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে - Speak the truth or I will kill you.

২৭৯.

Being ill, he could not attend the meeting. (make it complex)

ক
ক) As he is ill, he cannot attend the meeting.
খ
খ) As he was ill, he could not attend the meeting.
গ
গ) Since he was ill, he cannot attend the meeting.
ঘ
ঘ) Since he is ill, he could not attend the meeting.

ব্যাখ্যা

মূল Clause - Past Tense এ থাকায় Sub-ordinate Clause-ও Past Tense হবে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর (খ)।

২৮০.

Do now or never. (Make it Complex)

ক
ক) Unless you don’t do now, you can never do.
খ
খ) If you do now, you can never do.
গ
গ) If you don’t do now, you can never do.
ঘ
ঘ) Do now if you have never done.

ব্যাখ্যা

বাক্যের অর্থ : এখনই করো নতুবা কখনো পারবে না।
Compound Sentence এ বাক্যের প্রথম অংশ Imperative হলে, Complex Sentence এ If বসে। আর মাঝে or থাকলে If Clause টা Negative হয়। (and থাকলে affirmative হয়। 13 নং প্রশ্ন দ্রষ্টব্য।) Complex Sentence এ Clause গুলো পূর্ণরূপে বসে।

২৮১.

Notwithstanding being a poor man, he leads an honest life. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) When he is a poor man, he leads an honest life.
খ
খ) Although he is a poor man, he leads an honest life.
গ
গ) As he is not a rich man, he leads an honest life.
ঘ
ঘ) In spite he is a poor man, he leads an honest life.

ব্যাখ্যা

notwithstanding = সত্ত্বেও
এর পরিবর্তে though/ although বসে।
এর পর Subject + Tense অনুযায়ী Verb বসে+ sentence এর পরবর্তী অংশ বসে।
সে অনুসারে "Although he is a poor man, he leads an honest life." - সঠিক।

২৮২.

Change the following sentence into a complex one. ''Tell me your name.''

ক
Tell me what is your name.
খ
Tell me what is your the name.
গ
Tell me what your name is.
ঘ
Tell me what the name you bear.

ব্যাখ্যা

• The correct complex sentence is: Tell me what your name is.

Simple-Complex করার নিয়ম:
Sub-ordinate clause কে প্রশ্ন করা যাবে না।
তাই Tell me what your name is হবে।
এই sentence- এ Tell me- principal clause আর what your name is হচ্ছে Sub-ordinate clause.
The main clause is "Tell me" and the subordinate clause is "what your name is."
- একটি complex sentence একটা main clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটা subordinate clause নিয়ে গঠিত হয়।
- Subordinate clauses subordinating conjunctions (such as "what," "that," "which," "who," etc.) or relative pronouns (such as "what," "who," "which," "whose," etc.) দ্বারা শুরু হয়।
- এই বাক্যে subordinate clause "what your name is a noun phrase, serving as the direct object of the main verb "tell."
------------

২৮৩.

In case of his not submitting the report on time, he will be reprimanded.(Make it complex)

ক
Unless he does not submit the report on time, he will be reprimanded.
খ
Unless he submit the report on time, he will reprimanded.
গ
If he does not submit the report on time, he will be reprimanded.
ঘ
If he does not submit the report on time, he will reprimanded.

ব্যাখ্যা

• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- in case of এর পরিবর্তে if বসে
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর -
- If he does not submit the report on time, he will be reprimanded.
• Unless নিজেই negative অর্থ প্রদান করে বিধায় এর সাথে আর কোনো negative শব্দ বসাতে হয় না।

২৮৪.

A rolling stone gathers no moss. [complex]

ক
A stone that rolls gathers no moss.
খ
A stone what rolls gathers no moss.
গ
Though a stone rolls, it gathers no moss.
ঘ
Since a stone is rolling, it gathers no moss.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Participle যুক্ত simple sentence-কে complex করতে হলে participle অংশকে subordinate clause-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয় এবং বাকি অংশ main clause হিসেবে অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে ।
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যে 'rolling' হচ্ছে present participle,
- এর subordinate clause হল A stone which/that rolls.

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে -

• Simple: A rolling stone gathers no moss.
• Complex: A stone that rolls gathers no moss.

২৮৫.

Did you know his name? (Make it complex)

ক
ক) Did you know what is his name?
খ
খ) Did you know what was his name?
গ
গ) Did you know what his name was?
ঘ
ঘ) Did you know what his name?

ব্যাখ্যা

এখানে what his name was একটি Subordinate Clause. Subordinate Clause সব সময় Assertive Form এ গঠিত হয়, অর্থাৎ এতে Auxiliary Verb – Subject এর পরে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
আবার Subordinate Clause – Principal Clause এর Tense এর উপর নির্ভর করে। Principal Clause – Past tense হলে Subordinate Clause ও Corresponding Past হয়।
সবদিক বিবেচনা করে কেবল (গ) ই সঠিক অপশন।

২৮৬.

Transform the sentence: "He speaks expertly." (Make it Complex)

ক
He spoke as if he is an expert.
খ
He speaks as if he were an expert.
গ
He speaks as if he had been an expert.
ঘ
He speaks as though he was an expert.

ব্যাখ্যা

→ Answer: খ) He speaks as if he were an expert.

- Simple sentence থেকে Complex sentence রূপান্তরের(Transform) নিয়ম:
→ Simple Sentence: Subject + verb + obj.
→ Complex Sentence: Subject + verb + as if / as though + clause.

উল্লেখ্য,
• As if / as though এর পূর্বে present indefinite tense থাকলে as if / as though এর পরে past indefinite হয়।
এবং be verb থাকলে সবসময় were হয়।
গঠন: Present tense + as if / as though + past tense.
• As if / as though এর পূর্বে Past indefinite tense থাকলে as if / as though এর পরে past perfect হয়।
গঠন: Past tense + as if / as though + past perfect tense.

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He speaks as if he were an expert.

২৮৭.

By taking physical exercise, you may be robust. [complex]

ক
You take physical exercise, so you may robust.
খ
If you take physical exercise, so you may be robust.
গ
If you take physical exercise, you may be robust.
ঘ
You take physical exercise, you may be robust.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple: By taking physical exercise, you may be robust
Complex: If you take physical exercise, you may be robust.

• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- By/in case of এর পরিবর্তে If বসে +
- Subject বসে +
- Verb বসে +
- Adjective /Noun বসে +
- Comma বসে +
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

Simple: By working hard, you will shine in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.

২৮৮.

"Though the Reserve Bank crisis in Sri Lanka garnered international attention, the government swiftly implemented comprehensive reforms to stabilize the financial situation."
This is a -

ক
Compound Sentence
খ
Complex Sentence
গ
Simple Sentence
ঘ
Optative Sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

• "Though the Reserve Bank crisis in Sri Lanka garnered international attention, the government swiftly implemented comprehensive reforms to stabilize the financial situation."
→ This is a - Complex Sentence.
→ এখানে, একটি Principal Clause এবং 'Though' যুক্ত একটি Subordinate Clause রয়েছে।

Complex Sentence:
→ যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
→ Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত:
if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while ইত্যাদি থাকে।

যেমন,
→ Though Taher studied hard for the exam, he didn't perform well.
→ বাক্যটির Subordinate Clause- এর শুরুতে Though থাকায় বাক্যটি Complex Sentence.

More Examples of Complex Sentences:
- Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk in the park.
- Because she had missed the bus, she had to call a cab to get to work.
- After the movie ended, we went to a nearby cafe for some coffee.
- Since they lived far away, they only visited their grandparents during the holidays.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৮৯.

The question is too hard to answer. (make it Complex)

ক
The question is hard that he can not answer.
খ
The question is so hard and he can not answer.
গ
The question is so hard that he can not answer.
ঘ
The question is too hard that he can not answer.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: Rakib is too weak to walk.
• Complex sentence: Rakib is so weak that he can not walk.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৯০.

Because of the heavy traffic, we missed the train. (Make it complex)

ক
Since the traffic is heavy, we missed the train.
খ
Although the traffic was heavy, we missed the train.
গ
Since the traffic was heavy, we missed the train.
ঘ
Because the traffic was heavy, yet we missed the train.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: Because of the heavy traffic, we missed the train.
- Complex: Since the traffic was heavy, we missed the train.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

• More examples:
- Simple: Because of his hard work, he passed the exam.
- Complex: Since he worked hard, he passed the exam.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.

২৯১.

Kamal joined here at twenty. (make it complex)

ক
ক) Kamal joined here so that he can earn twenty.
খ
খ) Kamal joined here when it was twenty.
গ
গ) Kamal joined here when he was twenty.
ঘ
ঘ) Kamal joined here while he is twenty years old.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence টি দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশ করলে when যুক্ত করে complex করতে হবে।
এখানে at twenty দ্বারা বুঝাচ্ছে ২০ বছর বয়সে।

- তাই সঠিক উত্তর - Kamal joined here when he was twenty.

২৯২.

Della had an ardent desire to give her husband a worthy gift. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) Della had an ardent desire so that she could give her husband a worthy gift.
খ
খ) Della had an ardent desire and it was to give her husband a worthy gift.
গ
গ) Della had an ardent desire, it was to give her husband a worthy gift.
ঘ
ঘ) Della having an ardent desire, it was to give her husband a worthy gift.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হলে প্রথমে দুটি clause এ পরিণত করতে হয় এবং উপযুক্ত relative clause, pronoun, preposition বা adverb বসাতে হয়।

২৯৩.

Find out the complex sentence below.

ক
He acted on my advice.
খ
The circumstances were too complex for them to cope with.
গ
She was not so young as I expected.
ঘ
He wanted to succeed and so he worked hard.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী - She was not so young as I expected - এই বাক্যটি হচ্ছে - Complex sentence.
- It consists of an independent clause, "She was not so clever," and a dependent clause, "as I expected," which functions as an adverbial clause modifying the independent clause.

• অন্য অপশন গুলো মধ্যে -
ক) He acted on my advice এবং খ) The circumstances were too complex for them to cope with. হচ্ছে simple sentence.
- A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause that expresses a complete thought.
- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে।

ঘ) He wanted to succeed and so he worked hard - হচ্ছে compound sentence.
- Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
-এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি coordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।

২৯৪.

The correct complex form of: 'A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.'

ক
A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
খ
A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
গ
A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
ঘ
A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.
- Complex: A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে।

• More Example:
- Simple: An industrious boy can shine in life.
- Complex: A boy who is industrious can shine in life.

২৯৫.

The meeting was over and we went back home. (Make it complex).

ক
ক) When the meeting was over, we went back home.
খ
খ) The meeting being over, we went back home.
গ
গ) After the meeting was over, we went back home.
ঘ
ঘ) We went back home as the meeting being over.

ব্যাখ্যা

Compound থেকে complex এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে প্রথমে দুটি clause এর মধ্যে সম্পর্ক কী সেটা আগে নির্ণয় করতে হবে। যেমন: কারণ-ফলাফল, কাজ-উদ্দেশ্য, ঘটনা-ঘটনার সময়, শর্ত-ফলাফল, ব্যক্তি-যে, বস্তু-যা ইত্যাদি।

Compound থেকে Complex করতে হলে:
1. Compound এর Conjunction বাদ দিতে হবে;
2. Complex এর Conjunction যোগ করতে হবে;
3. 2টি Clause এর মধ্যে ১টি Clause যেভাবে আছে সেভাবে রেখে দিতে হবে।

The meeting was over and we went back home.
- এই বাক্যে ঘটনা-ঘটনার সময় সম্পর্ক নির্দেশ করছে। তাই complex এর conjunction হিসেবে ‘when’ বসাতে হবে।

সুতরাং, বাক্যটির সঠিক Complex form হবে - When the meeting was over, we went back home.

২৯৬.

Choose the correct complex sentence of:
"He was intelligent enough to solve the problem."

ক
He was so intelligent that he could solve the problem.
খ
He was intelligent and solved the problem.
গ
He solved the problem because he was intelligent.
ঘ
Being intelligent, he solved the problem.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) He was so intelligent that he could solve the problem.

• "He was intelligent enough to solve the problem."
- মূল বাক্যটি একটি Simple Sentence এবং এর কাঠামো:
- "adjective + enough + to-infinitive"
- যেমন: intelligent enough to solve.
- এই ধরনের বাক্যকে Complex করতে হয়:
- so + adjective + that + বাক্য,
তাই,
- "He was intelligent enough to solve the problem."
- "He was so intelligent that he could solve the problem."

• Other options:
খ) He was intelligent and solved the problem. → Compound Sentence.

গ) He solved the problem because he was intelligent. → Complex Sentence, কিন্তু অন্য ধরনের কারণ নির্দেশ করে, "enough to" নয়।

ঘ) Being intelligent, he solved the problem. → Simple Sentence, participle দিয়ে শুরু।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

২৯৭.

His hope to gain superhuman power ultimately filled him with immense despair. (Make it complex)

ক
ক) His hope that he will gain superhuman power ultimately filled him with immense despair.
খ
খ) His hope so that he would gain superhuman power ultimately filled him with immense despair.
গ
গ) His hope so that he could gain superhuman power ultimately filled him with immense despair.
ঘ
ঘ) His hope that he would gain superhuman power ultimately filled him with immense despair.

ব্যাখ্যা

To + Verb - Object বা Object সদৃশ হলে Complex Sentence এ that + Clause বসে।
এখানে To + Verb টি Hope- Noun এর অনন্তর্নিহিত Verb এর Object সদৃশ হয়েছে।
মূল Clause এর Verb (filled) Past Tense হওয়ায়, এ Clause টাও Past Tense এ হবে।
তবে to + verb সাধারণত Future Indicate করে, তাই এখানে Past Future (would) হবে।
তবে মনে রাখতে হবে, to + verb যদি উদ্দেশ্য বুঝানোর জন্য আসে, তখন সাধারণত so that বা in order that যুক্ত Clause বসে।

২৯৮.

Which of the following sentences is a Complex Sentence?

ক
She loves to read, and he enjoys watching movies.
খ
She cooked dinner while I set the table.
গ
I wanted to go outside, but it was too cold.
ঘ
The sun was shining brightly, so we decided to go to the beach.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্য:
- Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্যেতে সাধারণত দুটি Clause থাকে। এর একটি Independent clause, অপরটি Subordinate clause.
- Subordinate clause বাক্যের Object হিসেবে কাজ করে।
- Subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, til, unless, when, why, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

Example:
1. The doctor came after the patient had died.
2. Though he was poor, he was honest.

Correct Sentence: She cooked dinner while I set the table.
- প্রদত্ত sentence এ দুটি clause আছে, যা While দ্বারা সংযুক্ত করা হয়েছে।

Source: A Passage To The English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.

২৯৯.

After the arrival of the teacher, she left for home. (Complex)

ক
When the teacher arrived, she left for home.
খ
After the teacher had arrived, she left for home.
গ
Since the teacher had arrived, she left for home.
ঘ
Both a + b

ব্যাখ্যা

• Before/after/ ইত্যাদি যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করতে দুইটি নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা যায়।
- Sequence of tense এর নিয়মানুযায়ী যদি after যুক্ত clause টি past perfect tense এ হয়, তবে পরের cluse টি past indefinite এ হবে।
- অর্থাৎ,
- প্রথমে After বসবে।
- এরপর subject + verb এর past perfect form বসে
- তারপর দ্বিতীয় subject + verb এর past form বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হচ্ছে - After the teacher had arrived, she left for home.

• আবার,
- After এর পরিবর্তে when বসে,
- verb এর past indefinite form বসে
- দ্বিতীয় subject + বাকি অংশ।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হচ্ছে - When the teacher arrived, she left for home.

৩০০.

Though I tried hard, I failed in English. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) In spite my trying hard, I failed in English.
খ
খ) In spite of my trying hard yet I failed in English.
গ
গ) Despite of my trying hard, I failed in English.
ঘ
ঘ) Despite my trying hard, I failed in English.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Though/Although এর স্থানে in spite of /Despite ব্যবহার + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা main verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause.

Example:
Complex: Though I tried hard, I failed in English.
Simple: Despite my trying hard, I failed in English.