Blood & Hemostasis

Explanations:
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin value in range is 27-32pg & average 29pg.

Explanations:
Platelet has no nucleus.

Composition
FFP contains labile as well as stable components of the coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement systems, the protiens that maintain oncotic pressure and modulate immunity.
In addition fats, carbohydrates and minerals are present in concentrations similar to circulation.
The analysis of 35 samples of FFP show mean concentrations of of 535mg/dl Glucose, 172mEq/L. Na+, 73mEq/L Cl-, Cl-, 3.5mEq/Lk 3.5mEq/L. K+, 15mEq/L HCO3-and  protien with 60% albumin. 5-5g/dl
Thus FFP is a hyperosmolal, hyperglycemic, hypernatremic and hypochloremic solution.
It is a less effective volume expander than other albumin containing solutions, due to its lower albumin content.

Indications
Multiple coagulation factor deficiencies e.g.
DIC
Massive blood transfusion
Liver disease
Active or ongoing bleeding with abnormal coagulation tests
"Thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura
Vitamin K deficiency associated with active bleeding

Explanations:
The time required for coagulation to take place is known as the prothrombin time. The shortness of the time is determined mainly by the prothrombin concentration. The normal prothrombin time is about 12 seconds.

Explanations: Agglutinogens are present on RBC membrane & agglutinins are present on serum.

Hypoxia (decreased level of oxygen in blood) stimulates kidney to secrete EPO.

When red cells become older(120days) and fragile, they are destroyed in reticulo-endothelial system. The main destruction occurs in the capillaries of red pulp of spleen because the splenic capillaries diameter is very small. So, spleen is called ‘graveyard of RBCs’.    

Explanations:
The normal range for INR in a healthy person is 0.9 to 1.3. A high INR level (e.g., 4 or 5) indicates a high risk of bleeding, whereas a low INR (e.g., 0.5) suggests that there is a chance of having a clot. Patients undergoing warfarin therapy usually have an INR of 2.0 to 3.0.

Common anticoagulants used in laboratory :
1. 3.8% sodium citrate or oxalate 
2. Potassium oxalate
3. Paul Heller's mixture                                   
(1.2 gm ammonium oxalate + 0.8% potassium oxalate+100ml distilled water) 
4. Heparin
5. Warfarin
6. Normal saline
7. Dicumarol
8. EDTA

Explanations: Glycophorin & anion exchange protein are integral protein of RBC membrane protein.

Explanations: ‘O’ group has no antigen & AB group has no antibody.