Medicine

Explanation: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is most commonly caused by ischemia due to sepsis. Davidson explains that systemic hypotension and renal hypoperfusion in sepsis lead to tubular cell injury and necrosis. Harrison adds that nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides) and rhabdomyolysis are also significant causes of ATN.

The presence of leucocytes and nitrites in urine is indicative of renal tract infection. Urine pH can provide diagnostic information in the assessment of renal tubular acidosis and urinary tract stones (p. 562).

Explanation: Features of Patau’s syndrome are Early lethality, cleft lip and palate, polydactyly, small head, frequent congenital heart disease

Some major endocrine glands are not controlled by the pituitary. These include the parathyroid glands (regulated by calcium concentrations), the adrenal zona glomerulosa (regulated by the renin–angiotensin system) and the endocrine Pancreas

Explanation: The accumulation of serous fluid within the pleural space is termed pleural effusion. The accumulation of frank pus is termed empyema (that of blood is haemothorax, and that of chyle is a chylothorax

ABM 475

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-814

 The "steeple sign" refers to the narrowing of the subglottic trachea, resembling a church steeple, and is characteristic of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis). Davidson explains that croup is a viral respiratory illness, most often caused by parainfluenza viruses, and commonly affects young children. Harrison adds that the steeple sign is an important radiographic finding, though clinical diagnosis is usually sufficient.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-133

Explanation: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia shows a peak of incidence in children aged 1–5 years.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-133

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-482

Explanation: CT is first line for stroke diagnosis

ß-1,3-D-glucan levels are characteristically elevated in P. jirovecii pneumonia.

Explanation: Tricuspid regurgitation produces giant v waves that coincide with ventricular systole. Davidson 23rd, P-443

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 1233
Explanation : Acrallentiginous or palmoplantar melanoma is more common in dark-skinned people.

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Page: 736 , Box : 20.15

Lateral horn of spinal cord refers to a lateral sideways extension of the lateral intermediate substance (lamina VII). It can be found only in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal segments (T1 to L2) and therefore does not extend throughout the length of the spinal cord.

Pyogenic liver abscesses are often polymicrobial, with E. coli and Klebsiella among the most common.

Reference: Practical Manual in Clinical Medicine by Professor ABM Abdullah; P-320

Explanation: Bronchodilator therapy is central to the management of breathlessness

Primary hypothyroidism is diagnosed by a high TSH (from pituitary stimulation) and low free T4 (due to thyroid failure). Low TSH and low T4 suggest secondary hypothyroidism, while high TSH and high T4 or low TSH and high T4 are seen in hyperthyroid states.

Reference: Davidson 23rd Fig. 21.24

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Page: 733 , Box : 20.9

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-841

Clusters of symptoms are used to classify dyspepsia:
•     reflux-like dyspepsia (heartburn-predominant dyspepsia)
•     ulcer-like dyspepsia (epigastric pain relieved by food or antacids)
•     dysmotility-like dyspepsia (nausea, belching, bloating and premature satiety).

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 443, Box : 5

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 482
Explanation : Adenosine effects are greatly potentiated by dipyridamole and inhibited by theophylline.

JVP reflects phasic pressure changes in right atrium and consists of a, c and v positive waves and x and y negative waves.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-612

Most common symptom attributable to pulmonary hypertension is exertional dyspnea. Other symptoms are fatigue, angina pectoris (RV ischemia), syncope, near syncope & peripheral edema.

The Circle of Willis is an arterial polygon (heptagon) formed as the internal carotid and vertebral systems anastomose around the optic chiasm and infundibulum of the pituitary stalk in the suprasellar cistern

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry about multiple events or activities, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months. It is typically accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-533

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-137

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-564
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Dipstick positive
•Hematuria
•Haemoglobinuria
•Myoglobinuria

Explanation: Cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes

Davidson 23rd; P-1121

Explanation: Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide

Innhibition of post-translational modification: Warfarin

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-864
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

n general, the trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. However, the cellular composition and thickness of this lining varies with position along the proximal–distal and dorsal–ventral axes, and among species.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-644

This product of haemoglobin breakdown is deposited in the skin of the lower legs following subcutaneous extravasation of blood due to venous insufficiency. Local deposition of haemosiderin (erythema ab igne or ‘granny’s tartan’) occurs with heat damage to the skin from sitting too close to a fire or from applying local heat, such as a hot water bottle, to the site of pain

Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, mesentery, or abdominal lymph nodes. A "doughy" abdomen on palpation, often with tenderness, is a classical but not always present sign, particularly in peritoneal TB due to thickened omentum and adhesions. Other common features include chronic abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, and ascites.

In SAH the pattern of headache is thunder cap in nature.

Type II involves hypoxemia with hypercapnia (e.g., COPD, neuromuscular disease)

First line anti-TB drugs: INH, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin

Explanation: Blood pressure is higher during the daytime

Pansystolic murmur heard best at apex and left sternal edge (diaphragm), radiates to axilla

The common peroneal nerve is vulnerable at the fibular head; injury causes foot drop

Vaginal discharge from endocervicitis is the most common presenting symptom of gonorrhea and is usually described as thin, purulent, and mildly odorous. Many patients have minimal or no symptoms from gonococcal cervicitis. Dysuria or a scant urethral discharge may be due to urethritis accompanying cervicitis.

Acute Vitamin A toxicity can occur from ingesting very large doses (e.g., polar bear liver). Key acute symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision (due to papilledema), and potentially confusion, indicating elevated intracranial pressure (pseudotumor cerebri).

Thiazides (e.g., HCTZ) reduce uric acid excretion, worsening gout. Probenecid (uricosuric), febuxostat (XOI), and pegloticase (urate oxidase) are used for gout.

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 486
Explanation : Age is the most powerful independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-133