বিষয়সমূহ

PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন

Voice, Narration and Degree

মোট প্রশ্ন১,৩৫৬এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Voice, Narration and Degree

PrepBank · পাতা / ১৪ · ৭০১৮০০ / ১,৩৫৬

৭০১.
He said to her, ''What a cold day''! The indirect speech of this :
  1. ক) He told her that it was a cold day.
  2. খ) He exclaimed that it was a cold day.
  3. গ) He exclaimed sorrowfully that it was a cold day.
  4. ঘ) He exclaimed that it was a very cold day.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Reported speech টি How বা What দ্বারা শুরু হলে অর্থাৎ, বাক্যের শুরুতে আতিশয্য বুঝালে Indirect Narration করার সময় উক্ত How বা What এর পরিবর্তে Very, Much, Great ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- আর said to এর পরিবর্তে exclaimed বসে।

সূত্রানুযায়ী সঠক উত্তর হবেঃ He exclaimed that it was a very cold day.

৭০২.
I said, "Bring it." (Change the narration)
  1. I said that let it be brought.
  2. I said that it should be brought.
  3. I ordered someone to bring it.
  4. I said to bring it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

• “Bring it” একটি Imperative Sentence এবং তা আদেশ করা (order) অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
- তাই indirect narration এ said to এর পরিবর্তে ordered ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- সঠিক উত্তর - I ordered someone to bring it.
৭০৩.
Change the voice-"They are cleaning the windows"
  1. The windows are being cleaned by them.
  2. The windows were being cleaned by them.
  3. The windows are been cleaned by them.
  4. The windows were been cleaned by them.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: The windows are being cleaned by them.

Present continuous tense এর ক্ষেত্রে Active voice থেকে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Subject অনুযায়ী is being/ are being বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active voice: They are cleaning the windows.
Passive voice: The windows are being cleaned by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭০৪.
Choose correct indirect speech:
They said, “We have been supporting Barcelona FC since its inception”.
  1. They said that they had supported Barcelona FC since its inception.
  2. They say that they has been supporting Barcelona FC since its inception.
  3. They said that they were supporting Barcelona FC since its inception.
  4. They said that they had been supporting Barcelona FC since its inception.
ব্যাখ্যা
Here the reporting verb is in Past tense,
so the Present Perfect Continuous tense in the reported speech will be changed correspondingly to Past Perfect Continuous tense in Indirect form.
Also, pronoun ‘we’ will be replaced by ‘they’.
Hence, the correct answer is option D.
৭০৫.
She made him laugh. (make it passive)
  1. He was made to being laugh by her.
  2. He was made to laugh by her.
  3. He was made to laughed by her.
  4. He was made to be laugh by her.
ব্যাখ্যা
Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

 তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 

Active Voice: She made him laugh.
Passive Voice: He was made to laugh by her.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭০৬.
'I saw the boy crying' বাক্যটির Passive form হবে-
  1. ক) The boy was seen crying by me
  2. খ) The boy is seen crying by me
  3. গ) The boy cry was seen by me
  4. ঘ) The boy crying was seen by me
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ 'I saw the boy crying' বাক্যটির Passive form হবে - The boy was seen crying by me.

• Voice change এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, 
- Subject + verb + object present participle যুক্ত active sentence কে passive করার সময় subject, verb, object স্বাভাবিক নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হবে
- কিন্তু present participle এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Active voice এর: 
- Object টির subject form বসে। 
- tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb am/is/are বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- present participle word বসে।
- by বসে।
- Subject এর object form বসবে।

• Structure:
Object টি subject form + auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle + present participle word + by + subject এর object form.
৭০৭.
He said to me, “Let’s help them”. (Make it Indirect)
  1. ক) He proposed to me helping them.
  2. খ) He proposed to me that we can help them.
  3. গ) He proposed to me that we should be helping them.
  4. ঘ) He proposed to me to help them.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Narration এ Let’s/ Let us থাকলে Indirect Narration এ Propose + to + Object বসে।
- এর পর Verb+ing বসে অথবা that + Subject + should + Main verb বসে।
- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He proposed to me helping them. 
৭০৮.
He said to me, "Who is your favorite author"?
  1. He asked me who my favorite author is.
  2. He asked me who was my favorite author.
  3. He told me who my favorite author was.
  4. He asked me who my favorite author was.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: He said to me, "Who is your favorite author"?
Indirect speech: He asked me who my favorite author was.

• Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb "said" -এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই "Wh" question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech-এর subject বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী Tense পরিবর্তিত হবে এবং Verb, Subject এর পরে বসে।

Other options:
ক) He asked me who my favorite author is.
- Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Direct speech টি present Indefinite tense এ থাকলে Indirect speech টি past Indefinite tense হবে। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

খ) He asked me who was my favorite author.
- Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Indirect speech এ  Verb, Subject এর পরে বসে। Interrogative sentence টিকে Assertive Sentence পরিণত করতে হবে। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) He told me who my favorite author was.
- Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb "said"
এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে। এখানে "said" এর পরিবর্তে 'told" এর ব্যবহার সঠিক নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৭০৯.
Choose the correct indirect speech - The boy said, "May my mother come round."
  1. ক) The boy asked if her mother come round.
  2. খ) The boy wished that his mother might come round.
  3. গ) The boy wished that his mother could come round.
  4. ঘ) The boy prayed that his mother should come round.
ব্যাখ্যা
Optative sentence- এর Reported Speech এ God কথাটির উল্লেখ না থাকলে এবং কোন কামনা বুঝালে তখন say বা say to এর বদলে Indirect speech এ wish ব্যবহৃত হয়। 
- Structure: Subject + wish that + Noun phrase + might + verb. 
তাই সঠিক উত্তরটই হবে: The boy wished that his mother might come round. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain. 
৭১০.
The coach said, "Practice makes a man perfect." (Make it indiredt)
  1. The coach said that it is practice that makes a man perfect.
  2. The coach said that it is practice that will make a man perfect.
  3. The coach said that practice makes a man perfect.
  4. The coach said that practice will make a man perfect.
  5. The coach said that it is the practice that makes a man perfect.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: The coach said, "Practice makes a man perfect."
Indirect: The coach said that practice makes a man perfect.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

• More Examples:
Direct: The teacher said, "Knowledge is power."
Indirect: The teacher said that knowledge is power.

Direct: The teacher said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
Indirect: The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

Direct: The historian said, "The Romans built roads throughout their empire."
Indirect: The historian said that the Romans built roads throughout their empire.
৭১১.
Rupa said, "I must write a story." (Indirect)
  1. Rupa told that she should write a story.
  2. Rupa said that she would write a story.
  3. Rupa told that she will have to write a story.
  4. Rupa said that she had to write a story.
  5. Rupa said that she has to write a story.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সাধারণত must, ought to এবং should-এর মতো modal auxiliary গুলির কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না, যদিও কখনো কখনো must এর জায়গায় had to বসে এবং should এর জায়গায় subject এর person পরিবর্তন অনুযায়ী would বসে।

Example: 

Direct: Rupa said, "I must write a story."
Indirect: Rupa said that she had to write a story.

Source: Applied English Grammar & Composition by P.C. Das
৭১২.
The boy said, "I am hungry". The indirect speech of the statement is :
  1. ক) The boy said that he is hungry.
  2. খ) the boy said he is being hungry.
  3. গ) The boy said that he was hungry.
  4. ঘ) The boy says that he is hungry.
ব্যাখ্যা
এখানে, যেহেতু quoted অংশটুকু simple present form এ আছে: 
-Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তনের সময় এটি simple past এ পরিবর্তিত হবে: 

সুতরাং সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে:  The boy said that he was hungry.
৭১৩.
The indirect form of: Liya said, "I must leave for the territory."
  1. Liya told that she has been leaving for the territory.
  2. Liya said that she has leave for the territory.
  3. Liya said that she had to leave for the territory.
  4. Liya said that she must be leave for the territory.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: Liya said, "I must leave for the territory."
• Indirect: Liya said that she had to leave for the territory.

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb হিসেবে say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech -এর first person 'I' - Reporting verb এর subject অনুযায়ী 'she' হবে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ 'had to' হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৭১৪.
(Qs. 19-20): In each of the following questions, a sentence has been given in Direct Speech. Select the best one which expresses the same sentence in Indirect Speech.
He said to me, "What are you planning for the weekend?"
  1. He asked me whether I was planning for the weekend.
  2. He asked me what I was planning for the weekend.
  3. He asked me what I had planned for the weekend.
  4. He asked me if I was planning for the weekend.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech: He said to me, "What are you planning for the weekend?"
• Indirect speech: He asked me what I was planning for the weekend.

• Interrogative sentence - এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” - এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- Direct speech টি- present continuous tense -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past continuous tense -এ পরিণত হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Note: Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive sentence - এ পরিণত হবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (what) + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৭১৫.
Change the speech: She asked me, "Are you a student?"
  1. She asked me that I was a student.
  2. She asked me was I a student.
  3. She asked me if I am a student.
  4. She asked me if I was a student.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: She asked me, "Are you a student?"
Indirect Speech: She asked me if I was a student.

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present indefinite tense এ রয়েছে।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past  indefinite tense হবে।
৭১৬.
Which one is the correct indirect narration of "She said, 'Alas! My father is no more"?
  1. She said that her father is no more.
  2. She said exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
  3. She exclaimed with regret that her father is no more.
  4. She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ঘ) She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.

Direct Speech: She said, “Alas! My father is no more.”
Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.

মূল বাক্য: Direct Speech: She said, “Alas! My father is no more.”
উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Exclamatory Sentence.  এখানে "Alas!" শব্দটি দুঃখ বা দুঃখজনিত অভিব্যক্তি প্রকাশ করছে।
- যখন বাক্যে "Alas!" থাকে, তখন Indirect Speech-এ "exclaimed with sorrow" ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- Said → Exclaimed with sorrow পরিবর্তন হবে।
- Present tense → Past tense (is → was) পরিবর্তন হবে।
উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে "My father" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "her father" হবে (কারণ she ব্যবহার হয়েছে)।
"is" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "was" হবে।
অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে, সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ) She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more. 

অন্য অপশনগুলো:
ক) She said that her father is no more. — এখানে আবেগ প্রকাশ নেই, শুধু সাধারণ তথ্য দেওয়া হয়েছে।
খ) She said exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more. — এখানে said এবং exclaimed একসাথে বসানো হয়েছে, যা গঠনগতভাবে ভুল।
গ) She exclaimed with regret that her father is no more. — এখানে is অপরিবর্তিত আছে, কিন্তু tense পরিবর্তন হয়ে was হওয়া উচিত। এছাড়া regret এর পরিবর্তে sorrow ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

৭১৭.
English is spoken all over the world. (Change the Voice)
  1. People speaks English all over the world.
  2. People speak English all over the world.
  3. People spoke English all over the world.
  4. People are speaking English all over the world.
ব্যাখ্যা

Passive: English is spoken all over the world.
Active: People speak English all over the world.
- বাক্যটি Passive Voice-এ আছে। এখানে 'English' Object এবং কাজটি কে করছে তা সরাসরি বলা হয়নি। যেহেতু বাক্যে বলা হচ্ছে, ইংরেজি বলা হয়, স্বাভাবিকভাবেই 'মানুষ' বা 'People' ইংরেজি বলে। তাই "Subject" হিসেবে People বসাতে হবে।

• সাধারণ জনগণের সাথে Related কাজ হলে, Subject হিসেবে People বসাতে হবে।
→ প্রথমে People বসাতে হবে।
→ মূল Verb এর ঠিক আগের 'be' Verb 'is' বাদ যাবে।
→ মূল Verb এর ঠিক আগের 'be' Verb এর গঠন অনুযায়ী মূল Verb বসবে।
→ Active বাক্যে তা Tense অনুযায়ী (Present Indefinite Tense) speak-এ পরিবর্তিত হবে।
→ Subject টি Object হবে।
→ বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭১৮.
In each of the following questions, a sentence has been given in Active (or Passive) voice. Out of the four alternatives suggested select the one which best expresses the same sentence in Passive (or Active) voice. (Qs. ৪৬ - ৪৭)
৪৬) One should keep one's promise.
  1. One's promise has to be kept.
  2. One's promise should be kept by us.
  3. A promise should be kept.
  4. None of these
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: One should keep one's promise.
Passive Voice: A promise should be kept.

• One + should যুক্ত sentence - কে passive করার নিয়ম:
→ প্রথমে Active voice এর object টির subject রূপে বসবে।
→ should be বসবে।
→ মূল verb এর past participle বসবে।
→ passive voice- এ by + one ঊহ্য রয়েছে।
→ মূল passive voice হচ্ছে - One's promise should be kept by one. যাকে সংক্ষিপ্তভাবে "A promise should be kept." আকারে প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে।

Structure: প্রথমে object টির subjective রূপ হবে + should be + মূল verb এর past participle.
৭১৯.
The parents said to their daughter, "May you achieve great success in life." (Make it indirect)
  1. The parents wished that their daughter may be achieved great success in life.
  2. The parents wished that their daughter might achieve great success in life.
  3. The parents wished that their daughter may have achieved great success in life.
  4. The parents wished that their daughter might be achieve great success in life.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: The parents said to their daughter, "May you achieve great success in life."
Indirect: The parents wished that their daughter might achieve great success in life.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Direct: The teacher said to the students, "May you pass the examination."
- Indirect: The teacher wished that the students might pass the examination.
৭২০.
Change the following sentence into passive form: Nova looks after the orphans.
  1. ক) The orphans are look after by Nova.
  2. খ) The orphans are looked after by Nova.
  3. গ) The orphans is looked after by Nova.
  4. ঘ) The orphans should be looked after by Nova.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Voice এর ক্ষেত্রে:
• Intransitive verb যুক্ত Active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম:
- সাধারণত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না।
- তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি group verb গঠিত হয় এবং তা যদি Transitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তবে তার Passive voice হয়।

- প্রথমে Object টির subject রূপে বসে। 
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে। 
- প্রদত্ত মূল verb এর past participle বসে। 
- প্রদত্ত preposition বসে। 
- by বসে।  
- Subject এর objective form বসে।

Example:
Active: Nova looks after the orphans.
Passive: The orphans are looked after by Nova.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain
৭২১.
Choose the correct indirect speech: They said, 'Long live the king.'
  1. ক) They prayed that the king may live long.
  2. খ) They prayed that the king might live long.
  3. গ) They prays that the king might live long.
  4. ঘ) They prayed that the king might be living long.
ব্যাখ্যা
- প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নের indirect speech হচ্ছে They prayed that the king might live long.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী Optative sentence কে indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে wish/pray বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject বসে।
- May/might বসে।

• Example:
Direct: They said, 'Long live the king.'
Indirect: They prayed that the king might live long.
৭২২.
Do not hate the poor. বাক্যটির সঠিক পরিবর্তিত voice হবে-
  1. ক) Let not the poor be hated.
  2. খ) Let the poor not be hated.
  3. গ) Let not the poor hate.
  4. ঘ) Let poor not be hate.
ব্যাখ্যা
No explanation added.
৭২৩.
Change the narration: The manager said, "Who solved the obstacle?"
  1. The manager enquired that who solved the obstacle.
  2. The manager enquired of who will solve the obstacle.
  3. The manager asked who solved the obstacle.
  4. The manager asked who had solved the obstacle.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: The manager said, "Who solved the obstacle?"
• Indirect: The manager asked who had solved the obstacle.

• Interrogative Sentence -এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb হিসেবে ask/asked, demand of, enquired of, want to know ইত্যাদি বসে।
- Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- Reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- has এর past participle form 'had' বসবে। 
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসবে। 
- তারপর object বসবে। 

• More Examples:
- Direct: They said, "Why are you late?"
- Indirect: They asked why I was late.
৭২৪.
The captain said to the soldiers, "Stand still" (Direct)
  1. The captain said the soldiers to stand still.
  2. The captain told the soldiers stand still.
  3. The captain commanded the soldiers to stand still.
  4. The captain command the soldiers to stand still.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মুল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে.

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মুল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The captain said to the soldiers, "Stand still"
Indirect: The captain commanded the soldiers to stand still.

Source: Advanced Learner's HSC by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭২৫.
"Are you going?" Rony asked her. [change the narration]
  1. Rony asked her if she was being going.
  2. Rony told her if she was going.
  3. Rony asked her if she was going.
  4. Rony asked her if she has been going.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration:
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:

Structure: Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

- এই বাক্যে reported verb টি present continuous tense হয়।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।

Direct: "Are you going?" Rony asked her.
Indirect: Rony asked her if she was going.
৭২৬.
Change the narration: He said, "Let us meet at the cafe."
  1. He told us to meet at the cafe.
  2. He suggested that they should meet at the cafe.
  3. He proposed that we will meet at the cafe.
  4. He suggested that we could meet at the cafe.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: He said, "Let us meet at the cafe."
• Indirect: He suggested that they should meet at the cafe.

• Let যুক্ত sentence এর Indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এরপর us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/ suggest হয়। 
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- they/ we + should বসে।
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Note: Reporting verb এর subject/object টি first person হলে that এরপরে we বসে, অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে that এরপরে they বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
৭২৭.
He used to play cricket. (make it passive)
  1. He was used to play cricket.
  2. Cricket was used to be played by him.
  3. He used to be played cricket.
  4. Cricket used to be played by him.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মূল verb এর past participle বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: He used to play cricket.
Passive voice: Cricket used to be played by him.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭২৮.
Sifat exclaimed that he was a great fool. (Make it direct)
  1. Sifat said 'What a great fool is he!'
  2. Sifat said 'What a great fool am I!'
  3. Sifat said, 'What a fool is I!'
  4. Sifat said, 'What a fool I am!'
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect এর reported speech এ great থাকলে direct এ What দ্বারা exclamatory sentence টি শুরু হয়।
- এরপর Subject + exclaimed এর পরিবর্তে said বসে
- এরপর inverted comma + What + a/an + noun + subject বসে person অনুযায়ী + verb এর present form বসে+ inverted comma + exclamatory sigh (!)বসে। 

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Direct: Sifat exclaimed that he was a great fool. 
Indirect: Sifat said, 'What a fool I am!'
৭২৯.
A lion may be helped even by a little mouse. [make it active]
  1. A little mouse may even help a lion.
  2. Even a little mouse ought to help a lion.
  3. Even a little mouse may help a lion.
  4. A little mouse can even help a lion.
ব্যাখ্যা

→ [30th BCS Preli]
Passive Voice: A lion may be helped even by a little mouse.
Active Voice: Even a little mouse may help a lion.

• Modal Auxiliary + be যুক্ত Passive Voice কে Active Voice করতে হলে-
- Passive voice এর object‌ টি Active Voice এর subject হয়।
- 'be' উঠে গিয়ে Modal Auxiliary verb টি বসে।
- মূল Verb টি বসে।
- Passive voice এর subject টি Active voice এর Object হয়ে Verb এর পরে বসবে।
- তার পূর্বে Preposition (By, with, at, to, in) উঠে যাবে।

- নিয়মানুসারে সঠিক Active Voice হলো- Even a little mouse may help a lion.
- Even যেহেতু a little mouse এর সাথে সম্পর্কিত, তাই এটা a little mouse এর আগে বসবে।

৭৩০.
'The pill tastes bitter' বাক্যের passive voice হচ্ছে-
  1. The pill is bitter when it is tasted
  2. The pill is bitter when it tastes
  3. The pill was bitter when it tasted
  4. The pill was bitter it was tasted
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাক্যটি একটি Quasi sentence.
- যে sentence গঠনে active কিন্তু অর্থে passive বা অন্যের দ্বারা সংঘটিত হয় এমন বোঝায় বোঝায়, তাকে Quasi sentence বলে।

• এই ধরনের sentence কে দুই ভাবে passive করা যায় -

1) Active voice এর subject টিই passive voice এর subject হিসাবে বসে + tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + adjective টি বসে + when + প্রথম subject অনুযায়ী if/they বসে + আবারো tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb + মূল verb এর past participle.
যেমনঃ 
• ‘The pill tastes bitter’
- The pill is bitter when it is tasted

2) Active এর এর subject টিই passive voice এর subject হিসাবে বসে + tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + মূল verb এর past participle +  adjective টি বসে।
যেমনঃ 
• The pill tastes bitter
- The pill is tasted bitter.

• যেহেতু, অপশনে  The pill is bitter when it is tasted বাক্যটি রয়েছে, তাই এটিই সঠিক উত্তর।
৭৩১.
Change the speech: The doctor said to the patient, "Take this medicine twice a day."
  1. The doctor told the patient should take this medicine twice a day.
  2. The doctor advised the patient to take those medicine twice a day.
  3. The doctor advised the patient to take this medicine twice a day.
  4. The doctor requested the patient that take this medicine twice a day.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The doctor said to the patient, "Take this medicine twice a day."
- Indirect: The doctor advised the patient to take this medicine twice a day.

• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reported speech -এর অর্থ ও ভাবানুসারে Reporting verb টি order/command, advise, request, ask, beg বা tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তবে উপদেশ বুঝালে Reporting verb হিসেবে advise  ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে।
- তবে, Negative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে not to বসে।
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- 'this' সাধারণত 'that' -এ রূপান্তর হয়। তবে context বর্তমান (medicine is still present/current) থাকলে কখনো কখনো 'this' অপরিবর্তীত থাকতে পারে।
- "Take this medicine twice a day" → to take this medicine twice a day অর্থাৎ, পূর্বে বলেছে কিন্তু medicine still relevant.

• Structure:
- Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

More Examples:
- Direct speech: The officer said to the guard, "Shut the gate."
- Indirect speech: The officer ordered the guard to shut the gate.

৭৩২.
I told him that he was not working hard. (Make it Direct)
  1. ক) I said to him, "You are not working hard."
  2. খ) I told to him, "You are not working hard."
  3. গ) I said, "You are not working hard."
  4. ঘ) I said to him, "He is not working hard."
ব্যাখ্যা
• I told him that he was not working hard - এর সঠিক direct speech হবে - She said, "My brother is getting married."
- Indirect speech এ that clause টি past continuous tense এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা reported speech এ পরিণত হবে এবং তা present continuous tense এ হবে।
সুতরাং, সঠিক direct speech টি হবে - I said to him, "You are not working hard."
৭৩৩.
My aunt said to me, "I returned from vacation yesterday."
  1. My aunt told to me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
  2. My aunt told me she had returned from vacation the previous day.
  3. My aunt told me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
  4. My aunt told to me she had returned from vacation the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হব

• Direct speech এ said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - My aunt told me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
৭৩৪.
"She said, Alas! I am undone." (Transform into Indirect Speech)
  1. She said with grief that she is undone.
  2. She said with sorrow that she has undone.
  3. She exclaimed with sorrow that she was undone.
  4. She exclaimed with sorrow that she were undone.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: She said, ‘Alas! I am undone.’
Indirect speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she was undone.

• Exclamatory sentence কে Indirect speech এ রুপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaimed with joy, আর দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaimed with sorrow or grief ইত্যাদি হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসে।
- very/great বসে।
- adjective বসে।
- বাকী অংশ (যদি থাকে) বসে।

→ Structure:
Subject + exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow + that + Reported speech এর Subject + Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Example 1:
Direct: He said, "Alas! My best friend is no more."
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that his best friend was no more.

Example 2:
Direct: She said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."
Indirect: She exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

৭৩৫.
The manager is determined to implement the new policy. (make it passive)
  1. The manager is determined that the new policy should implement.
  2. The manager is determined that the new policy should be implemented.
  3. The manager is determined that the new policy is implemented.
  4. The manager is determined that the new policy has implemented.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Agree / be anxious / arrange / determine / be determined / decide / demand + infinitive object যুক্ত Sentence কে Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject ও Verb বসবে।
that বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের Object বসবে।
should be বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

• Active voice: The manager is determined to implement the new policy.

• Passive voice: The manager is determined that the new policy should be implemented.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৩৬.
Change the narration: "What is your name?" He said to me.
  1. He asked me what my name was.
  2. He said me what my name was.
  3. He told me what my name was.
  4. He asked me what my name is.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect speech- এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি ask, enquire of, wonder তে পরিবর্তিত হয় ‌।
- Reported speech এর অন্তর্গত Interrogative sentence টি যদি কোন Wh - question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়,তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে অর্থাৎ সেই Wh - - question word টিই Conjunction হিসাবে বসবে।

- তবে, reported speech টি যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে inverted comma তুলে, linker হিসেবে if/ whether বসবে।

• Direct speech এ present Indefinite tense থাকলে Indirect narration এ তা past indefinite tense হয়।
- সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী -He asked me what my name was.
৭৩৭.
Nafis said to Romel, 'Go away'. - বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে -
  1. Nafis asked Romel to go away.
  2. Nafis requested Romel to go away.
  3. Nafis ordered Romel to go away.
  4. Nafis asks Romel to go away.
ব্যাখ্যা
•  Reported speech এ যদি আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ সূচক বাক্য থাকে, তাহলে indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের সময়: 
- sub + requested/ordered + obj + to + verb + ext. এই structure অনুসরণ করা হয়।

• Nafis said to Romel, - "Go away" - বাক্যটি দ্বারা order বোঝাচ্ছে।
- Imperative sentence এ order বুঝালে indirect করার সময় said এর পরিবর্তে Ordered বসে। 
- সে অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর হবে, Nafis ordered Romel to go away
৭৩৮.
V. In each of the following questions, a sentence has been given in Direct/Indirect Speech. Out of the four alternatives suggested select the one which best express the same sentence in Indirect/Direct Speech (Qs.44-45).
৪৪) My friend said to me, "Has your father returned from Chattogram?"
  1. My friend said to me that my father has returned from Chattogram
  2. My friend asked me if my father had returned from Chattogram
  3. My friend told me that his father had returned from Chattogram
  4. My friend enquired me if his father has returned from Chattogram
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: My friend said to me, "Has your father returned from Chattogram?"
Indirect: My friend asked me if my father had returned from Chattogram.

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present perfect tense.
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past perfect tense হবে।
- reporting verb 'said to' এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে। 
- has এর past participle form 'had' বসবে। 
- তারপর object বসবে। 
৭৩৯.
Change the narration: He asked, "Have you seen my keys?"
  1. He asked where my keys were.
  2. He asked me to see his keys.
  3. He asked if I had seen his keys.
  4. He asked when I had seen his keys.
ব্যাখ্যা
• The correct sentence is: He asked if I had seen his keys. 
--------------------- 
• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:  
- Subject + asked + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

সুতরাং, সঠিক indirect speech টি- He asked if I had seen his keys.
৭৪০.
The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has won the game." (Make it indirect)
  1. The students exclaimed with grief that their team had won the game.
  2. The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
  3. The students said that their team won game.
  4. The students bade that their team had won the game.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with joy বসে। (দুঃখ বুঝালে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/ great 
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Direct: The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has won the game."
Indirect: The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৪১.
Select the indirect narration of the given sentence.
He said to me, "What time do the banks open and close?"
  1. He asked me what time do the banks open and close.
  2. He said me what time did the banks open and close.
  3. He asked me what time the banks opened and closed.
  4. He wanted to know what time the banks open and close.
ব্যাখ্যা
- The correct answer is option 3 i.e. He asked me what time the banks opened and closed.
- The original sentence has a question mark, thus the indirect sentence should have a verb like 'asked' or 'questioned', thus option 2 and 4 are incorrect because they use different verbs.
- option 1 cannot be used as reported speech is supposed to have verbs in the past tense, but option 1 uses the present tense.
- Thus, the correct answer is option 3.
৭৪২.
Change the voice : can you help me to scoop out seeds from melon? ans : ____ to scoop out the seeds from the melon?
  1. ক) can I be helped by you
  2. খ) can I helped by you
  3. গ) could be helped by you
  4. ঘ) can I been helped by you
ব্যাখ্যা

Modal auxiliary verb যুক্ত interrogative বাক্যের passive structure হলো modal auxiliary + obj. কে sub + be + verb - এর P.P + by + sub - কে obj।
সুতরাং শূন্যস্থানের can you help me অংশটুকুর passive voice, can I be helped by you.
Source: Cliff's TOEFL.

৭৪৩.
She said to him, "Please help me with my homework." (make it indirect)
  1. She told him to help her with her homework.
  2. She ordered him to help her with her homework.
  3. She commanded him to help her with her homework.
  4. She requested him to help her with her homework.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/ order/ advice/ beg/ forbid বসে।
- Object বসে।
- to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী person পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- reported verb- টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order / command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

• Direct speech: She said to him, "Please help me with my homework."
• Indirect speech: She requested him to help her with her homework.

Source- Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৪৪.
Rina said, "I had read the topic thoroughly before the exam". (Make it indirect)
  1. Rina said to me that she had been read the topic thoroughly before the exam.
  2. Rina told to me that she had read the topic thoroughly before the exam.
  3. Rina told me that she had been read the topic thoroughly before the exam.
  4. Rina said that she had read the topic thoroughly before the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ ক্ষেত্রে:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

- যদি reported speech যদি had + verb এর past participle হয় তাহলে  Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- অর্থাৎ, had + V3 এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- said এর পরিবর্তে said + that হয়।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Direct: Rina said, "I had read the topic thoroughly before the exam"
Indirect: Rina said that she had read the topic thoroughly before the exam.
৭৪৫.
Rafi said to his brother, "Where have you kept my book?" (Make it indirect)
  1. Rafi asked his brother where had he kept his book.
  2. Rafi asked his brother where he had kept his book.
  3. Rafi asked his brother where have you kept his book.
  4. afi asked his brother where he has kept his book.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Interrogative sentence (Direct speech) কে Assertive sentence (Indirect speech)- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম: 
- উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি wh question যুক্ত।
- wh question যুক্ত বাক্যের indirect speech এ 'said to' এর পরিবর্তে 'asked' বসে।
- Reported speech -এর Wh word অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh-question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech এর subject বসবে।
- Direct speech টি present perfect tense এ থাকলে Indirect speech এ, তা past perfect tense এ পরিণত হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Direct speech: Rafi said to his brother, "Where have you kept my book?"
• Indirect speech: Rafi asked his brother where he had kept his book.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৪৬.
Change the narration, He remarked, ''Two and two makes four.''
  1. ক) He remarked that two and two would make four.
  2. খ) He remarked that two and two made four.
  3. গ) He remarked that two and two makes four.
  4. ঘ) He advised that two and two makes four.
ব্যাখ্যা
Reported speech কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ করলে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
৭৪৭.
I said to Proma, "Friend, help me." (Indirect)
  1. I request Proma to help me by addressing her as a friend.
  2. I asked for help by Addressing Proma as a friend.
  3. Addressing Proma as a friend, I requested her to help me.
  4. Addressing Proma friend, I asked her to help me.
  5. Both A + C
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নীচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- Addressing বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) ,
- as বসে,
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে,
- Reporting verb বসবে,
- to বসবে,
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি + Reporting verb এর subject +  Reporting verb + to + Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Direct: I said to Proma, "Friend, help me."
Indirect: Addressing Proma as a friend, I requested her to help me.
৭৪৮.
'Do you work from home?' he said. (make it indirect)
  1. He asked me if I have worked from home.
  2. He asked me if I worked from home.
  3. He said to me if I worked from home.
  4. He told me if I worked from home.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: 'Do you work from home?' he said.
Indirect speech: He asked me if I worked from home.

• Interrogative sentence - এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said”- এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject "You"→ Reporting verb এর object এর person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হবে।
- তারপর Tense পরিবর্তন: সাধারণত Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা Past Indefinite tense হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + "if" বা "whether" বা "Wh" + Reported speech -এর subject + verb + বাকি।

Other options:

ক) He asked me if I have worked from home.
- ভুল কারণ, Interrogative sentence এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Reported speech "Present indefinite tense" থাকলে তা Past Indefinite tense হয়।

গ) He said to me if I worked from home.
- ভুল কারণ, Interrogative sentence এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb “said”- এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।

ঘ) He told me if I worked from home.
- ভুল কারণ, Interrogative sentence এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb “said”- এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৪৯.
The teacher said to the students, "May you pass the test." (Change the narration)
  1. The teacher wished that the students may passed the test.
  2. The teacher wished that the students might pass the test.
  3. The teacher wished that the students might have passed the test.
  4. The teacher wished that the students may be pass the test.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: The teacher said to the students, "May you pass the test."
Indirect Speech: The teacher wished that the students might pass the test.

• Optative Sentence-এর Direct form কে Indirect form-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

- Reported speech দ্বারা প্রার্থনা বোঝালে said-এর পরিবর্তে pray/prayed বসে, কিন্তু মঙ্গল কামনা বোঝালে wish/wished বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে linker হিসেবে that বসে।
- reported speech-এর subject বসে+ may/ might বসে
- reported verb-এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।
- অর্থাৎ, reported speech টি assertive form -এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৫০.
'Who can do it.? 'The passive voice is_______
  1. By whom it can be done?
  2. By whom can it be do?
  3. By whom can it be done?
  4. By whom can it be did?
ব্যাখ্যা
 Who দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া interrogative sentence কে passive করতে হলে
- Who এর স্থানে By whom বসে।
- এরপর বাক্যটির tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary/ be verb/model verb
- তারপর subject
- model verb এর জন্য beএবং verb এর past participle রূপ
- এবং সবশেষে object বসবে।
- Structure: By whom + auxiliary verb + Subject + verb এর past participle রূপ + object.

 • অতএব, সঠিক উত্তর:  By whom can it be done? 
৭৫১.
They elected him president. [passive]
  1. He elected president by them.
  2. He was elected president by them.
  3. He was elected be president by them.
  4. He was elected the president by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active: They elected him president.
Passive: He was elected president by them.

• Factitive object, Select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb গুলোর object থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণরূপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়। এইরূপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object বলে।

• Factitive object/complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:

- প্রদত্ত Pronominal object-টি(me, us, you, them, him, her) / নামবাচক object টি Subject +
- tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে,
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে,
- Factitive object টি বসে,
- by বসে,
- Subject টির objective form বসে।

যেমন:
Active: We made him captain.
Passive: He was made captain by us.

Options,

অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) He elected president by them. 
→ "was" নেই, তাই ভুল।

গ) He was elected be president by them.
→ “be” এখানে অপ্রয়োজনীয় এবং ভুল।

ঘ) He was elected the president by them. 
→ এটি “the” ব্যবহার করেছে, যার মাধ্যমে নির্দিষ্টভাবে বোঝানো হয়। তবে মূল বাক্যে "the" নেই।
 
Source: Advanced Learner's HSC Communicative English grammar and composition by Chowdhury & Hussain.
৭৫২.
I let him go. (make it passive)
  1. He was let to go by me.
  2. He was let go by me.
  3. He was let to going by me.
  4. He was let gone by me.
ব্যাখ্যা

Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

Active Voice: I let him go.
Passive Voice: He was let go by me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৫৩.
He said, 'The train reached at nine.' - বাক্যটির indirect speech-
  1. He said that train has reached at nine
  2. He said that the train had reached at nine
  3. He said that the train reaches at nine
  4. He said that the train has reached at nine
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct Speech এর Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech এ Past Perfect Tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

তাই, সঠিক উত্তর - He said that the train had reached at nine.
৭৫৪.
Choose the correct form of speech for the sentence:
He said, " Let me have some cake."
  1. He told that he let have some cake.
  2. He said he had some cake.
  3. He desired that he might have some cake.
  4. He said that he had some cake.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর গ) He desired that he might have some cake.

• Imperative sentence এর Narration Change এর Structure:
Let দিয়ে প্রস্তাব না বুঝালে reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে,
- inverted কমা উঠে গিয়ে that বসে,
- Reported verb- এর subject পুনরায় বসে,
- might বসে,
- বাকি অংশ। 

Example:
- He said, "Let me have some cake."
- He desired that he might have some cake.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury and Hossain.
৭৫৫.
Ruhi said, "I must leave now." (Change the narration)
  1. Ruhi said that she had to leave then.
  2. Ruhi said that she has to leave than.
  3. Ruhi said that she must leave now.
  4. Ruhi said that she had to leave now.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct speech: Ruhi said, "I must leave now."
Indirect speech: Ruhi said that she had to leave then. 

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Dicect speech- এ 'now' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'then' বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, "I must complete this project
Indirect: Ruhi said that she had to finish that project.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৭৫৬.
Identify the correct indirect speech. He said, "How delightful the taste of this dish was!"
  1. He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was delightful.
  2. He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was very delightful.
  3. He exclaimed that the taste of this dish had been very delightful.
  4. He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was being very delightful.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said, "How delightful the taste of this dish was!"
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed that the taste of this dish had been very delightful.

• Exclamatoey Sentence- এ ক্ষেত্রে Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
→ Direct speech এ reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায়, Indirect speech এ reporting verb 'exclaimed' হবে। 
→  direct speech এ 'was' থাকায় reported speech- এ 'had been' হবে।
→  exclamatory sentence এ how থাকলে assertive sentence এ very বসে।
৭৫৭.
Send me a letter. (Make it passive)
  1. Let a letter be sent me.
  2. Let a letter be sent for me.
  3. Let a letter being sent by me.
  4. Let a letter be send to me.
ব্যাখ্যা
শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রুপান্তরের নিয়ম:
 - Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর subject কে object করার সময় by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active voice: Send me a letter.
Passive voice: Let a letter be sent for me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৫৮.
He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay." (make it indirect)
  1. He told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
  2. He has told me that he would go out but I should stay.
  3. He has told me that he would go out but I shall stay.
  4. He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech থাকে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Direct Speech এ Reporting Verb এর Tense যদি Present tense বা Future Tense হয় তখন Indirect SpeechTense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Inverted Comma এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।

Direct Speech: He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay."
Indirect Speech: He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.

Source: A Passage To The English Language S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৭৫৯.
He said, “We must colour the house next year.” (Make in Indirect)
  1. He said that we colour the h house the following year.
  2. He said that they must have to colour the house the following year.
  3. He said that they would colour the house the following year.
  4. He said that they would have to colour the house the following year.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সাধারণত must, ought to এবং should-এর মতো modal auxiliary গুলির কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না, যদিও কখনো কখনো Direct Speech এ Must থাকলে এই Must দ্বারা যদি কোনো ভবিষ্যৎ কাজের বাধ্যবাধকতা বুঝায় অথবা উপদেশ বুঝায়, তাহলে Indirect করার সময় would have to ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Next থাকলে the following বসে।

• তাই এখানে He said that they would have to colour the house the following year. হবে সঠিক উত্তর।
৭৬০.
Give me a flower. (make it passive)
  1. Let a flower be given by me.
  2. Let a flower be given to me.
  3. A flower is given to me.
  4. Let be a flower given to me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• শুধুমাত্র মূল Verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive Sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এ Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past Participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর subject কে object করার সময় by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর Subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

Active voice: Give me a flower.
Passive voice: Let a flower be given to me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৬১.
Which of the following has no degree of comparison? 
  1. Enough
  2. Much
  3. Fine
  4. Thin
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Degree of Comparison:
- In English language, a degree of comparison is a form of adjective that is used to compare a person or thing, possessing the same quality with another.
- It is related to the adjective or adverb in a sentence.

-কিছু adjective of quantity এর Degree of Comparison আছে। যেমন- much, high, fine, thin ইত্যাদি
-কিছু adjective of quantity এর Degree of Comparison নেই। যেমন- no, none, some, enough, sufficient ইত্যাদি

তাই উল্লেখিত প্রশ্নের Enough এর degree of comparison নেই।
৭৬২.
Change the sentence.
He said, 'Let the old man have some food.'
  1. He proposed the old man some food.
  2. He proposed that the old man might have some food.
  3. He suggested to the old man might be allowed some food.
  4. He wished that the old man might have some food.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Let যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Direct Speech এ let এর পর যদি us ভিন্ন অন্য কোনো noun/ pronoun/ noun phrase থাকে সেক্ষেত্রে 
- Indirect Speech এ say এর পরিবর্তে say/ wish বসবে।
- say to এর পরিবর্তে tell/ request বসবে।
- Reported speech এর verb এর আগে may/ might/ might be allowed to ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- Direct: He said, 'Let the old man have some food.
- Indirect: He wished that the old man might have some food.
- উপরোক্ত বাক্যে Let এর পর us না থাকায় 
- Indirect speech এ wish বসেছে।
- linker হিসেবে that বসেছে।
- পরবর্তীতে Indirect  Speech এ verb এর আগে might বসেছে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language By S.M. Zakir Hossain
৭৬৩.
Rina said to him, "Congratulations!" 
Choose the correct Indirect Narration:
  1. Rina says him congratulations.
  2. Rina congratulates him.
  3. Rina congratulated him.
  4. Rina said congratulations to him.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: গ) Rina congratulated him.

• Direct Narration এ Thanks/Thank you/ Congratulations/ welcome থাকলে indirect narration এ said এর পরিবর্তে Thanked/ Congratulated/ Welcome বসে।

• Narration এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী "Thank you" এর ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb এর structure: 
- subject + said থাকলে thanked + subject এর object form এই নিয়মে indirect করতে হয়।

- Rina said to him, "Congratulations!" 
- Rina congratulated him.

৭৬৪.
"O, beware, my lord, of jealousy," Iago said to Othello.
Choose the correct indirect speech of the above sentence:
  1. Iago addressed Othello respectfully as his lord and told him to beware of jealousy.
  2. Iago advised Othello that he was beware of jealousy.
  3. Iago said to Othello to beware of jealousy.
  4. Addressing Othello as his lord, Iago proposed that they should beware of jealousy.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
 
• Imperative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নিচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- Addressing বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) 
- as বসে
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে
- Reporting verb বসবে
- to বসবে
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
 
Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি +and + Reporting verb এর subject +  Reporting verb + to + Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
- Lord উল্লেখ আছে বিধায় respectfully বসবে।
 
Correct sentence: Iago addressed Othello respectfully as his lord and told him to beware of jealousy.
৭৬৫.
The police will be investigating the case. (change the voice)
  1. The case will have being investigated by the police.
  2. The case being investigated by the police.
  3. The case was being investigated by the police.
  4. The case will be being investigated by the police.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Future continuous Tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- object টি subject রূপে বসে। 
- shall be being/ will be being বসে। 
- মুল verb এর past participle form বসে। 
- এরপর by বসে। 
- সবশেষে subject এর objective form বসে।

Active: The mentor will be advising us.
Passive: We shall be being advised by the mentor.

Active: The police will be investigating the case.
Passive: The case will be being investigated by the police.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৬৬.
Kamal said, "I am ill." (Change the narration)
  1. Kamal said that he is ill.
  2. Kamal said that he was ill.
  3. Kamal said that I am ill.
  4. Kamal said he was ill.
ব্যাখ্যা
Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায় reported speech এ am এর পরিবর্তে was হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

সেই অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর, Kamal said that he was ill.

More Example: 
Direct: He said, “I am well.”
Indirect: He said that he was well.
৭৬৭.
The news shocked him. (Make it passive)
  1. He was shocked with the news.
  2. He is shocked by the news.
  3. He was shocked at the news.
  4. He had been shocked at the news.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: The news shocked him.
Passive: He was shocked at the news.

• Past Indefinite Tense যুক্ত Active Sentence কে Passive করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Subjective form বসবে। 
- Subjective অনুসারে was/were বসবে। 
- Verb এর past participle form বসবে। 
- by/at/with বসবে।
- Active voice এর subject টির objective form বসবে।
- কিন্তু এখানে shocked থাকায় 'by' এর পরিবর্তে 'at' বসবে। 

Other options:

ক) He was shocked with the news.
- এটি ভুল কারণ,"shocked" শব্দটির সাথে "with" preposition বসে না।

খ) He is shocked by the news.
- এটি ভুল কারণ, এখানে Present Indefinite Tense ("is") ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, কিন্তু মূল বাক্যটি ছিল Past Indefinite Tense-এ। Past Indefinite Tense-এর Voice পরিবর্তনের ক্ষেত্রে was/were এর পর verb এর past participle form বসবে। 

ঘ) He had been shocked at the news.
- এটি ভুল। এখানে Past Perfect Tense (had been) ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। কিন্তু মূল বাক্যটি Past Indefinite Tense-এ ছিল। Past Indefinite Tense-এর Voice পরিবর্তনের ক্ষেত্রে was/were এর পর verb এর past participle form বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৬৮.
Make it direct: 'Nipa called me a fool.'
  1. Nipa said to me, "You were a fool".
  2. Nipa said to me, "You are a fool".
  3. Nipa say to me, "You are a fool".
  4. Nipa told me, "You are a fool".
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect: 'Nipa called me a fool.'
• Direct: Nipa said to me, "You are a fool".

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, 
- Indirect speech এ reported speech টি past indefinite এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা present indefinite এ হবে।
- Indirect speech এ called me থাকলে direct speech এ তা said to হয়।
- তারপর কমা বসবে। 
- তারপর inverted comma এর ভিতর বাকি অংশ বসে।
৭৬৯.
Make it indirect: Ishrin said, "I am sorry."
  1. Ishrin made an apology.
  2. Ishrin apologies.
  3. Ishrin said that she is sorry.
  4. Both A & B
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Mood অনুযায়ী বাক্যকে indirect speech এ পরিণত করা যায়।
- সে ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে subject এবং তারপরেই verb বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 'Sorry' যুক্ত direct speech কে Indirect করতে হলে,
- Indirect speech এ said এর পরিবর্তে made an apology or apologized বসে।
- Structure: subject + made an apology/ apologized

Direct: Ishrin said, "I am sorry."
Indirect: Ishrin apologized.
Or
Ishrin made an apology.
৭৭০.
Mona said to me, "Will you meet me tomorrow?"
  1. Mona told me if I would meet her the next day.
  2. Mona asked me if I would meet her the next day.
  3. Mona asked me if I will meet her the next day.
  4. Mona said to me if I would meet her the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
Sentence টি Interrogative sentence এ থাকলে,
- Reporting verb টি "ask", "inquire of", "want to know", "demand", "wonder" ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

• Interrogative sentence এ যদি W/H question word না থেকে যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তখন ্সেই বাক্যটিকে পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of বসে।
- Object বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- if/ whether বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reported speech এর verb বসে।
- বাকি অংশ।

Structure: Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

সেই অনুসারে সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে, Mona asked me if I would meet her the next day.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৭১.
Choose the correct indirect speech- Father said to me, “May you get the job.”
  1. ক) Father asked me that I might get the job.
  2. খ) Father told me I might get the job.
  3. গ) Father said to me that I might get the job.
  4. ঘ) Father prayed that I might get the job.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ উল্লেখিত প্রশ্নে Father said to me, “May you get the job.” এর Indirect speech হলো- Father prayed that I might get the job.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী Optative sentence কে indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
-Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে wish/pray বসে
-Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে
-Reported speech এর subject বসে
-May/might বসে
-Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে

• Structure: subject + wish/pray + that + reported speech এর subject + may/might + মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ।
- Example: 
Direct: The teacher said to the students, “May Allah bless you.”
Indirect: The teacher wished that Allah might bless the students.

Source:  Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain
৭৭২.
You ought to appreciate your teachers. (Make it passive)
  1. Your teachers ought to been appreciated by you.
  2. Your teachers ought to being appreciated by you.
  3. Your teachers ought to appreciated by you.
  4. Your teachers ought to be appreciated by you.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Voice এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।
- তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।
 
• May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to যুক্ত Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় এদের পরে be বসে এবং তার পরেই মূল verb- এর Past Participle বসে। 
 
Structure: Object টির subject form + may/ might/can/could/must/ought to/going to + be + মূল verb- এর Past Participle + Subject- টির Object form.
 
Active Voice: You ought to appreciate your teachers. 
Passive Voice: Your teachers ought to be appreciated by you.
৭৭৩.
Komol said, "I must go there. (change the narration)
  1. Komol said that he must go there.
  2. Komol said that he should go there.
  3. Komol said that he had to go there.
  4. Komol said that he might go there.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - গ) Komol said that he had to go there.

• Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- তারপর যদি বাক্যটি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

- Reported speech-এ must থাকলে এবং reporting verb past tense-এর হলেও indirect speech-এ must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- আবার চিরকালীন বাধ্যতা না বোঝালে must-এর বদলে had to ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। 

• Example:
Dir Kalim said, "I must go there."
Ind: Kalim said that he had to go there.

Dir: Rima said, "Kamal must have his car repaired."
Ind: Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.

Dir: The teacher said, "Students must obey their teachers."
Ind: The teacher said that students must obey their teachers.

Dir: Biva said to Eva, "You must suffer a loss if you are not an efficient (দক্ষ) manager."
Ind: Biva said to Eva that she (Eva) must suffer a loss if she (E) were not an efficient manager.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৭৭৪.
"Bread tastes fresh." - The correct passive voice of this sentence is-
  1. Bread is fresh when it is tasted.
  2. Bread tasted fresh.
  3. Bread is tasted fresh.
  4. It is beard which tasted fresh.
  5. Both A + C
ব্যাখ্যা
• Quasi-passive যুক্ত Active voice কে passive এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

• প্রথম নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর subject টিই passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে।
- Adjective টি বসে।
- when বসে।
- প্রথম subject অনুযায়ী it/they বসে।
- আবারো tense অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে।

• দ্বিতীয় নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর subject টিই passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে।
- Adjective টি বসে।

Active: Bread tastes fresh.
Passive: Bread is fresh when it is tasted.
Or,
Passive: Bread is tasted fresh.

Source: Advanced Learner’s HSC Communicative English grammar & composition, Chowdhury & Hossain
৭৭৫.
He said that he _____ the previous day.
  1. has come
  2. came
  3. arrived
  4. had come
ব্যাখ্যা
• বাক্যটাকে Direct Narration এ চিন্তা করলে এ রকম হয় He said, “I came yesterday”.
- Direct Speech এর Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech এ Past Perfect Tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি Direct Narration-এ Past Indefinite Tense-এ ছিলো, তাই Indirect Narration-এ Past Perfect Tense হবে।

• তাই শূন্যস্থানে had come বসবে।
- Complete sentence: He said that he had come the previous day.
৭৭৬.
He killed himself. [passive]
  1. He was killed by himself.
  2. He was killed himself.
  3. He himself was killed.
  4. Both A & C
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reflexive object যুক্ত Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
• Reflexive object গুলো হচ্ছে - himself, myself, themself, ourself etc.

• Structure:
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় Passive voice এর Subject হিসাবে প্রথমে বসে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + by বসে +  Reflexive object টি বসে।

• Active: He killed himself.
• Passive: He was killed by himself.
৭৭৭.
They made him speak the truth. [change the voice]
  1. He had been made to speak the truth by them.
  2. He made to speak the truth by them.
  3. He was made to speak the truth by them.
  4. He was made speak the truth by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Need, bid, dare, make, hear, feel, let, know, behold, watch ইত্যাদি verb গুলোর পর Active voice এর উহ্য থাকে। 
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পর 'to' বসে। 

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Object -কে Subject করতে হবে।
-  Tense ও subject অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb (was) বসে।
- তারপর মূল Verb -এর Past Participle বসবে।
- তারপর Active voice -এ  উহ্য থাকা to বসবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- শেষে by + Active voice -এর Subject টি Object হবে।

Active: He made me do the work.
- এখানে Active voice এ 'made' থাকায় passive করার সময় 'to' বসবে। 
Passive: I was made to do the work by him. 

Active: They made him speak the truth.
Passive: He was made to speak the truth by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition.
৭৭৮.
He said, 'Good morning, can you help me?' Change the narration.
  1. ক) He wished him good morning and asked whether he could help him.
  2. খ) He wished him good morning and asked for help.
  3. গ) He told good morning and asked whether he can help him
  4. ঘ) He wished him good morning and requested to help him. 
ব্যাখ্যা

Reporting speech এর প্রথম অংশটি Imperative Sentence এ আছে এবং শেষ অংশটি Interrogative Sentence- এ।
- তাই প্রথম অংশের reporting verb হবে ‘wished’ এবং শেষ অংশের reporting verb হবে ‘asked.

Direct: He said, 'Good morning, can you help me?' Change the narration.
Indirect: He wished him good morning and asked whether he could help him.

৭৭৯.
Sanial said that he had seen him long before. (Make it direct)
  1. Sanial said, "I saw him long ago."
  2. Sanial said, "I had seen him long before."
  3. Sanial said, "I have seen him long before."
  4. Sanial said, "I did see him long ago."
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure:
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.

- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হIndirect: Sanial said that he had seen him long before.
Direct: Sanial said, “I saw him long ago.”
৭৮০.
The boy exclaimed with fear that it was a very terrible storm. (make it direct)
  1. The boy said, "What a terrible storm it was!"
  2. The boy said, "What a terrible storm is it!"
  3. The boy said, "What a terrible storm it is!"
  4. The boy said, "What a very terrible storm it is!"
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect speech এ আনন্দ, দুঃখ বুঝালে Sentence টিতে Exclaimed/ Exclaimed with joy/ Exclaimed with sorrow থাকলে Direct করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর Subject বসে।
- exclaimed এর পরিবর্তে said বসে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শুরু।
- What + a/an + reported speech এর subject/ Noun (adjective থাকলে noun এর আগে বসে) + verb এর present form বসে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শেষ।
- Exclamatory sign (!) বসে।

Indirect: The boy exclaimed with fear that it was a very terrible storm.
Direct: The boy said, "What a terrible storm it is!"

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৮১.
Which two are the same?
  1. ক) Indirect speech, Passive.
  2. খ) Passive, Subjunctive.
  3. গ) Reported speech, Indirect speech.
  4. ঘ) Direct speech, Indirect speech.
ব্যাখ্যা

Reported Speech এবং Indirect Speech মূলত: একই।

Direct & Indirect speech:
- There can be two basic narratives to describe a statement in English.
- In Direct speech, "a quoted speech" is used to narrate someone else's speech. এখানে বক্তার প্রেক্ষাপট থেকে বর্ণনা করা হয়।
- অন্যদিকে, indirect speech হলো, when we tell someone what another person said অর্থাৎ, বক্তার  বক্তব্যকে ভিন্ন ভাবে বা শ্রোতার প্রেক্ষাপট থেকে বর্ণনা করা হয়।
- সুতরাং, direct speech is also called the reporting speech and indirect speech is called the reported speech.
- অতএব দেখা যাচ্ছে, Reported speech এবং Indirect speech দুটো একই ।

নিচের উদাহরণ গুলো খেয়াল করুন:
- Direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel.
- Indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

আবার,
He said to me, “I will help you”. হচ্ছে Direct speech. বাংলা অর্থ: সে আমাকে বলেছিল, “আমি তোমাকে সাহায্য করব”।
এর Indirect form হচ্ছে - He told me that he would help me. বাংলা অর্থ: সে আমাকে বলেছিল যে সে আমাকে সাহায্য করবে । 
আগের বাক্যটির reported form হলো পরের বাক্যটি।
সুতরাং, দেখা যাচ্ছে বক্তার সরাসরি বক্তব্য Direct speech এ উল্লেখ থাকে।
অন্যদিকে, Indirect speech-বক্তার সরাসরি বক্তব্যকে একটু পরিবর্তন করে বর্ণনাকারী নিজের মত করে বর্ণনা করে। আর এটাকেই Reported speech বলে।

রেফারেন্স: British Council

৭৮২.
He asked me if I had ever been to Darjeeling. (Make it direct)
  1. ক) He said to me, “If you have ever been to Darjeeling?”
  2. খ) He said to me, “Did you ever been to Darjeeling?”
  3. গ) He said to me, “Have you ever been to Darjeeling?”
  4. ঘ) He said to me, “Do you ever been to Darjeeling?”
ব্যাখ্যা
Indirect Narration এ Past Perfect থাকলে তিনটি Tense হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা আছে। যথা-
- Present Perfect
- Past Indefinite
- Past Perfect

যেহেতু এখানে ever (কখনো) উল্লেখ করা আছে, তাই এটা Present Perfect Tense হওয়াই বাঞ্ছনীয়।
তাই সঠিক direct form হবে - গ) He said to me, “Have you ever been to Darjeeling?”
৭৮৩.
My sister has bought a new car(Make it passive)
  1. A new car was bought by my sister.
  2. A new car has been bought by my sister.
  3. A new car had been bought by my sister.
  4. A new car is being bought by my sister.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: A new car has been bought by my sister.
- Present perfect tense বিশিষ্ট বাক্যের এর passive voice করার সময় has/have been + past participle বসে।

Present perfect tense বিশিষ্ট বাক্যের এর passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Subject অনুযায়ী has been/ has been বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Other options:
ক) A new car was bought by my sister.
- ভুল, কারণ এটি past indefinite tense, যেখানে মূল বাক্য ছিল present perfect Tense.

গ) A new car had been bought by my sister.
- Present perfect tense বিশিষ্ট বাক্যের এর passive voice করার সময় has/have been + past participle বসে। কারণ এটি past perfect tense বোঝায়, যা মূল বাক্যের সময়ের সাথে মেলে না।

ঘ) A new car is being bought by my sister.
- ভুল, কারণ এটি present continuous tense, অথচ মূল বাক্য ছিল present perfect tense এর।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৭৮৪.
They heard her sing a beautiful song. (Make it passive)
  1. She was heard sing a beautiful song by them.
  2. She was heard singing a beautiful song by them.
  3. She was heard to sing a beautiful song by them.
  4. She was heard to sung a beautiful song by them.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

• Active Voice: They heard her sing a beautiful song.
• Passive Voice: She was heard to sing a beautiful song by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৮৫.
Let her answer the questions. [passive]
  1. Let the questions be answered by her.
  2. Let the questions to be answered by her.
  3. Let the questions have been answered by her.
  4. Let the questions being answered by her.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: Let her answer the questions.
Passive: Let the questions be answered by her.

• Let যুক্ত Imperative sentence এর Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Let বসে।
- Object টির subject রূপে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টির Object রূপে বসে।

• Structure: Let + Object টির subject বসে + be বসে + মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + by + subject টির Object রূপে বসে।

৭৮৬.
Which sentence is correct?
  1. ক) He is poorest of the two.
  2. খ) He is poorer of the two.
  3. গ) He is more poor of the two.
  4. ঘ) He is much poor of the two.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects.
- দুই এর মাঝে তুলনা বুঝালে comparative form হয়।
- Poor এর comparative form: Poorer.
- যেহেতু দুই জন এর মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়েছে তাই সঠিক উত্তর হবে He is poorer of the two.
৭৮৭.
He said, “We are all sinners.” (Make it Indirect)
  1. He said that all of them were sinners.
  2. He said that we are all sinners.
  3. He told me that we are all sinners.
  4. He told me that all of them were sinners.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সাধারণত reporting verb টি past tense এ থাকলে indirect করার সময় direct speech tense পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তবে যদি চিরন্তন সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক কোন সূত্র থাকে তাহলে tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- We দ্বারা মানব জাতি নির্দেশ করলে Indirect speech এ এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- said to me থাকলে told me হয়, অন্যথায় said /asked হয়।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে - He said that we are all sinners.
৭৮৮.
Mou says she did not receive the email. (Make it direct)
  1. Mou says, 'I did not receive the email.'.
  2. Mou says, 'she did not received the email.'.
  3. Mou said, 'she did not receive the email.'.
  4. Mou said, 'I did not receive the email.'.
ব্যাখ্যা
Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Indirect কে Direct Speechকরার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং that উঠে যায়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• উল্লিখিত বাক্যের repoting verb says -present tense এ আছে তাই Direct এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে,
- Person/subject পরিবর্তন হয় 'I' হবে।
- বাকি সব ঠিক থাকবে।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - 
Indirect: Mou says she did not receive the email.
Direct: Mou says, 'I did not receive the email.'.
৭৮৯.
Very few women were as ill-fated as Sadia.
  1. ক) Sadia is one of the most ill-fate women.
  2. খ) Sadia was one of the most ill-fated women.
  3. গ) Sadia was the most ill-fated women.
  4. ঘ) Sadia was one of the most ill-fated woman.
ব্যাখ্যা
সাধারণত:
কোন বাক্যে Very few থাকলে- Superlative করার সময়: 

-  Subject- predicate এবং Predicate – Subject হয়।
- one of the +Superlative degree + Plural noun বসে।

উপরোক্ত শর্তানুযায়ী, সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে: Sadia was one of the most ill-fated women.
৭৯০.
Choose the correct sentence.
  1. ক) I asked Rajib if he had passed.
  2. খ) I asked sajib he had been passed.
  3. গ) I asked Rajib if you are passed.
  4. ঘ) I asked Nazir that had to he passed.
ব্যাখ্যা
sentence - টি indirect narration হবে
এবং এর inverted comma - এর অংশ যদি প্রশ্নবোধক হয় এবং তা যদি yes/ no দ্বারা উত্তর করা যায়
তবে সে ক্ষেত্রে if বসে।
If এর পরের অংশ past perfect tense হয়।
৭৯১.
'He said that he had come to see me' বাক্যের direct speech হচ্ছে-
  1. He said, 'He has come to see you.'
  2. He said, 'I have come to see you.'
  3. He said, 'He had come to see you.'
  4. He said, 'I come to see you.'
ব্যাখ্যা
→ Indirect speech - এ Past perfect tense –এর ব্যবহার থাকলে Direct speech –এ Present perfect tense - এর ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

Indirect Speech: He said that he had come to see me.
Direct Speech: He said, "I have come to see you."

More Example:
Indirect Speech: He said that he had bought a car.
Direct Speech: He said, "I have bought a car."

Source: Applied English Grammar & Composition by P. C. Das.
৭৯২.
Pluck me some ripe mangoes. (make it passive)
  1. Let some ripe mangoes be plucked by me.
  2. Let some ripe mangoes be plucked on me.
  3. Let some ripe mangoes be plucked with me.
  4. Let some ripe mangoes be plucked for me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রুপান্তরের নিয়ম:
 - Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর Verb এরপর Passive voice এ by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active voice: Pluck me some ripe mangoes.
Passive voice: Let some ripe mangoes be plucked for me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৭৯৩.
'Helena said I took the laptop home with me.' Its indirect form is- 
  1. Helena said that she took the laptop home with her
  2. Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her
  3. Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her
  4. Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: 'Helena said I took the laptop home with me.'
- Indirect Narration: Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- যেমন: (I → she), (me → her).
- Direct speech টি- past indefinite tense (took) -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past perfect tense (had taken) -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

অন্যান্য অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর পরিবর্তন হয়নি ("took" should become "had taken").

গ) Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর ভুল পরিবর্তন হয়েছে ("has taken" না হয়ে "had taken" হবে).

ঘ) Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.
→  এটি ভুল, কারণ "told" সাধারণত object নেয়, এছাড়া "had the laptop taken" হলো wrong structure.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৭৯৪.
The cake was baked. (Active)
  1. Someone baked the cake.
  2. Someone has baked the cake.
  3. The cake baked.
  4. The cake is baked by me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• অনির্দিষ্ট যে কারো দ্বারা কাজটি সম্পাদিত হলে Subject someone/somebody
বসাতে হবে। 

• প্রথমে subject হিসেবে Someone বসাতে হবে।
- তারপর was বাদ দিতে হবে।
- মূল verb কে past tense এ বসাতে হবে।
- Subject টি Object হবে।

Passive: The cake was baked.
Active: Someone baked the cake.
৭৯৫.
Change the narration:
The manager said to the employees, "Submit the report by Monday."
  1. The manager told the employees that to submit the report by Monday.
  2. The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.
  3. The manager tell the employees to submit the report by Monday.
  4. The manager tells the employees that submit the report by Monday. 
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.

• Imperative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

- The manager said to the employees, "Submit the report by Monday."
- The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.

Other Options:
(ক) The manager told the employees that to submit the report by Monday. — grammatically ভুল।

(গ) The manager tell the employees to submit the report by Monday. — tense ভুল, past tense হওয়া উচিত।

(ঘ) The manager tells the employees that submit the report by Monday.— tense এবং structure উভয়ই ভুল।

৭৯৬.
Change the narration:
The teacher said to the students, "Finish your homework before class." 
  1. The teacher told the students that to finish their homework before class. 
  2. The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.
  3. The teacher tell the students to finish their homework before class.
  4. The teacher tells the students that finish their homework before class.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.

• Imperative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The teacher said to the students, "Finish your homework before class."
Indirect: The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.

Other Options:
(ক) The teacher told the students that to finish their homework before class. — grammatically ভুল।
(গ) The teacher tell the students to finish their homework before class. — tense ভুল, past tense হওয়া উচিত।
(ঘ) The teacher tells the students that finish their homework before class. — tense এবং structure উভয়ই ভুল।

৭৯৭.
Put the following sentence into indirect narration: “You had better not leave your room unlocked”, said my friends.
  1. ক) My friends reminded me to lock my room.
  2. খ) My friends warned me not to leave my room unlocked.
  3. গ) My friends advised me lock my room.
  4. ঘ) My friend said to me you had better not leave your room
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech/Narration থেকে Indirect speech/narration এ রূপান্তর করার সময় নিচের দুটি নিয়ম খেয়াল রাখতে হবে -

It is time, Would rather, Would sooner, I wish, had better এদের পরে indirect speech থাকলে tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। এবং It is time, Would rather, Would sooner, I wish, had better এগুলোর পর not + বাকি অংশ লিখতে হয়।

Said/say/says এর পর object না থাকলে object হিসেবে me ব্যবহার করা যায়।

তাই সঠিক উত্তরটি হবে- My friends warned me not to leave my room unlocked.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar and Composition (For Class 9-10)
৭৯৮.
Which one in the correct indirect narration: ''Why have you told a lie?'' he said to me.
  1. ক) He demanded me why had I told a lie.
  2. খ) He asked me why had I told a lie.
  3. গ) He enquired of me why I had told a lie.
  4. ঘ) He enquired me why I told a lie.
ব্যাখ্যা
enquire এর পর Object এর আগে of বসে।
say – verb past form হলে Present Perfect = Past Perfect (have=had) হবে।
বাক্যটিকে Assertive এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে এবং এ হিসেবে Auxiliary Verb- Subject এর পরে বসবে।
৭৯৯.
He wished that I might win the competition. (Make direct speech)
  1. He said to me, "May you win the competition."
  2. He wished me, "I might win the competition."
  3. He said to me, "I May win the competition."
  4. He prayed to me, "You may win the competition."
ব্যাখ্যা
• The correct answer is: He said to me, "May you win the competition."

- এটি একটি optative sentence.

• Optative sentence - এর direct speech কে Indirect speech - এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর Subject বসে,
- তারপর Reporting verb - said -এর পরিবর্তে Wished/prayed বসে (ইচ্ছা বুঝালে wish আর প্রার্থনা বুঝালে pray বসে)।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসে।
- তারপর reporting verb -এর subject + may/might বসে।
- Reporting verb -এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

- প্রশ্নে প্রদত্ত sentence টি Indirect speech - এ আছে; এটিকে direct speech -এ নিতে হবে।
- ঠিক যেভাবে direct speech থেকে Indirect speech - এ নেয়া হয়েছে, একইভাবে Indirect speech -থেকে direct speech -এ নিতে হবে।

• যেমন:
- Direct speech: He said to me, "May you win the competition."
- Indirect speech: He wished that I might win the competition. 

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী -
- He wished that I might win the competition. বাক্যের direct speech হচ্ছে - He said to me, "May you win the competition."

Source: Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৮০০.
Identify the correct active form of the sentence: "He is believed to have cheated in the exam"
  1. People believed he cheated in the exam.
  2. People are believing he cheated in the exam.
  3. People had believed he cheated in the exam.
  4. People believe he has cheated in the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা

Passive: He is believed to have cheated in the exam.
Active: People believe he has cheated in the exam.

• আমজনতার সাথে Related কাজ হলে Subject হিসেবে People বসাতে হবে।
→ প্রথমে People বসাতে হবে।
→ মূল Verb এর ঠিক আগের 'be' Verb 'is' বাদ যাবে।
→ মূল Verb এর ঠিক আগের 'be' Verb এর গঠন অনুযায়ী মূল Verb বসবে।
→  Subject টি Object হবে।
→ বাকি অংশ বসবে।

More Example:
Passive Voice: He was called wise.
Active Voice: People called him wise.