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PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন

Voice, Narration and Degree

মোট প্রশ্ন১,৩৫৬এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Voice, Narration and Degree

PrepBank · পাতা ৫ / ১৪ · ৪০১–৫০০ / ১,৩৫৬

৪০১.
Change into a superlative: funny
  1. ক
    ক) the funnyst
  2. খ
    খ) the funniest
  3. গ
    গ) the most fun
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) the funnest
ব্যাখ্যা
English has two articles: the and a/an.
- the = definite article.
- a/an = indefinite article.

- the is used to refer to specific or particular nouns;
- a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns.

সাধারণত: নিম্নোক্ত ক্ষেত্রে ’The'  ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে: 

১. শ্রোতা যে বিষয়ে ইতোমধ্যে অবগত। যেমন: The man is visiting Russia today. 
২. Superlative adjective এর সাথেও the বসে । যেমন: Mizan is the tallest boy in the class.
৩. Countries whose names include words like kingdom, states, or republic:  the United Kingdom. 
৪.  Countries that have plural nouns as their names. যেমন: the Netherlands.
৫. Geographical features, such as mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers, seas, oceans, and canals. যেমন: The Himalayas. 
৬. Newspapers. যেমন: The Daily star. 

সুতরাং, প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নের সঠিক উত্তর হবে: the funniest. 
৪০২.
Rizvi says he did not understand the instructions. (Make it direct)
  1. ক
    Rizvi says, 'he did not understand the instructions.'
  2. খ
    Rizvi says, 'I did not understand the instructions.'
  3. গ
    Rizvi said 'he did not understand the instructions.'
  4. ঘ
    Rizvi said, 'I did not understand the instructions.'
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Indirect কে Direct Speechকরার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং that উঠে যায়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• উল্লিখিত বাক্যের repoting verb says -present tense এ আছে তাই Direct এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে,
- Person/subject পরিবর্তন হয় 'I' হবে।
- বাকি সব ঠিক থাকবে।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - 
Indirect: Rizvi says he did not understand the instructions.
Direct: Rizvi says, 'I did not understand the instructions.'
৪০৩.
Pluck me a flower. (make it passive)
  1. ক
    Let a flower be plucked to me.
  2. খ
    Let a flower be plucked by me.
  3. গ
    Let a flower be plucked for me.
  4. ঘ
    Let a flower be plucked with me.
ব্যাখ্যা

• শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
 - Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর Verb এরপর Passive voice এ by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active voice: Pluck me a flower.
• Passive voice: Let a flower be plucked for me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪০৪.
We said, “Let him tell the story.’’ (Make it indirect)
  1. ক
    We told him that, let the story be told by him.
  2. খ
    We requested him to tell the story.
  3. গ
    We said that he might tell the story.
  4. ঘ
    We asked him to tell the story.
ব্যাখ্যা
• যদি Let দ্বারা proposal অথবা suggestion না বোঝায়,
- তাহলে Let এর পরিবর্তে might বা might be allowed to বসে।
• Direct: We said,''Let him tell the story.''
- InDirect: We said that he might tell the story.

• যদি Let দ্বারা proposal অথবা suggestion বোঝায়,
- সেক্ষেত্রে নিয়মটি হলো -
- Sub + propose/ suggest/ proposed to/ suggested to + that + they/ we + should + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত। যেমন:
- He said to his companions, “Let us not miss this chance.’’
- He proposed/ suggested to his companions that they should not miss the chance.

Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition by PC Das.
৪০৫.
They will finish the project. (Make it passive)
  1. ক
    The project will be finished with them.
  2. খ
    The project will been finished by them.
  3. গ
    The project will be finished by them.
  4. ঘ
    The project will being finished by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must, ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মুল verb এর past participle বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: They will finish the project.
Passive voice: The project will be finished by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪০৬.
The correct indirect form of: "The boy said, 'What shall I be in 1998?'" is –
  1. ক
    The boy asked what he should be in 1998.
  2. খ
    The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.
  3. গ
    The boy said what he would be in 1998.
  4. ঘ
    The boy asked what he would be in 1998.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - খ) The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.

- Shall/will + I/we দিয়ে reported speech-এর বাক্য শুরু হলে এবং তা মূলত কোন প্রশ্ন না বুঝিয়ে কোন ভবিষ্যত অনুমান বুঝালে indirect speech এ ask ইত্যাদির স্থলে wonder (অনুমান করা, অবাক হওয়া) ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের জন্য প্রযোজ্য অন্যান্য নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য হয়।
• Examples:
- Dir. : The boy said, "What shall I be in 1998?"
- Ind. : The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.

- Dir. : She said, "Where shall we be after 1,000 years?"
- Ind. She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.

- Dir. The man said, "Shall I live if there breaks out a great war in the country?"
- Ind. : The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the country.

Source: A Passage To The English Language. S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৪০৭.
The commander said to the soldiers, "Stand still." (Make it Indirect)
  1. ক
    The commander said the soldiers to stand still.
  2. খ
    The commander told the soldiers stand still.
  3. গ
    The commander commanded the soldiers to stand still.
  4. ঘ
    The commander command the soldiers to stand still.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The commander said to the soldiers, "Stand still"
Indirect: The commander commanded the soldiers to stand still.

Source: Advanced Learner's HSC by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪০৮.
The financial regulations are examined by Bangladesh Bank before implementation. (Active)
  1. ক
    Bangladesh Bank had examined the financial regulations before implementation.
  2. খ
    Bangladesh Bank has examined the financial regulations before implementation.
  3. গ
    Bangladesh Bank examines the financial regulations before implementation.
  4. ঘ
    Bangladesh Bank is examining the financial regulations before implementation.
ব্যাখ্যা
Passive Voice: The financial regulations are examined by Bangladesh Bank before implementation.
Active Voice: Bangladesh Bank examines the financial regulations before implementation. (অপশন 'গ')

• Present indefinite tencse যুক্ত Passive Voice কে Active Voice করার নিয়ম - 
→ প্রদও বাক্যটি paasive form- এ রয়েছে। 
→ active voice- এ রূপান্তর করার সময় প্রথমে 'by' এর পরে object = Bangladesh Bank, active voice- এ subject রূপে বসেছে।
→ by উঠে গেছে।
→ passive voice- এ auxiliary verb = are, active voice- এ উঠে গেছে। 
→ 'are' এর পর principal verb এর past participle form = examined, active voice- এ 'examines' হয়েছে।
→ passive voice এর subject = The financial regulations, active voice- এ object হিসেবে বসেছে।
→ before implementation = extension হিসেবে active voice- এ বসেছে।
৪০৯.
The manager must sign the document. (Make it passive)
  1. ক
    The document must have to be signed by the manager.
  2. খ
    The document must have been signed by the manager.
  3. গ
    The document must have signed by the manager.
  4. ঘ
    The document must be signed by the manager.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: The document must be signed by the manager.
- Must, May, might, can, could, ought to, going to যুক্ত Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় এদের পরে be বসে এবং তার পরেই মূল verb টির Past Participle বসে।

• Voice change এর নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।
- তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।

Other options:
ক) The document must have to be signed by the manager.
- Modal auxiliary verb "must" আছে। নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, "must"-এর পর "be" বসবে। তার পরেই মূল verb টির Past Participle বসে।

খ) The document must have been signed by the manager.
- Modal auxiliary verb "must" আছে। নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, Active voice টিকে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার সময় "must"-এর পর "be" বসবে। তার পরেই মূল verb টির Past Participle বসে।

গ) The document must have signed by the manager..
-  Modal auxiliary verb "must" আছে। নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, Active voice টিকে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার সময় "must"-এর পর "be" বসবে। তার পরেই মূল verb টির Past Participle বসে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৪১০.
Rahul said, "She must go to school." (Make it Indirect)
  1. ক
    Rahul said that he had to go to school.
  2. খ
    Rahul said that she had to go to school.
  3. গ
    Rahul said that she have to go to school.
  4. ঘ
    Rahul said that she will have to go to school.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: Rahul said, "She must go to school."
Indirect Speech: Rahul said that she had to go to school.

• must ↔ had to:
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়,
→ Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
→ Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
→ Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
→ to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
→ বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৪১১.
The teacher said to the student, “Sit properly.” (Make it Indirect)
  1. ক
    The teacher advised the student to sit properly.
  2. খ
    The teacher ordered the student to sit properly.
  3. গ
    The teacher requested the student to sit properly.
  4. ঘ
    The teacher told the student to sit properly.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: The teacher ordered the student to sit properly.

Imperative Sentence কে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মাবলী:
• Reporting Verb এর পরিবর্তন:
এক্ষেত্রে "said to" পরিবর্তিত হবে "ordered"
• বাক্য গঠনের পরিবর্তন:
Imperative mood → Infinitive mood

শিক্ষক-ছাত্র সম্পর্কের ক্ষেত্রে এধরনের নির্দেশ সাধারণত আদেশমূলক হয় তাই "ordered" সবচেয়ে উপযুক্ত reporting verb।
"Said to" পরিবর্তন হয়ে "ordered" হবে, কারণ শিক্ষক শিক্ষার্থীকে আদেশ দিচ্ছেন।
"to + মূল verb" যুক্ত হবে → "to sit properly"।

এখানে, Direct Sentence: The teacher said to the student, “Sit properly.”
অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে Correct Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered the student to sit properly.

অন্য অপশনগুলি উপযুক্ত নয় কেন:
ক) "advised" - পরামর্শের সুর আছে, কিন্তু এটি আদেশ।
গ) "requested" - অনুরোধের সুর আছে, যা এই প্রেক্ষাপটে উপযুক্ত নয়। 
ঘ) "told" - সাধারণ বলার সুর আছে, যা আদেশের তীব্রতা প্রকাশ করে না।
৪১২.
Akash said to me, 'I was ill.' (Make it indirect)
  1. ক
    Akash said to me that he was ill.
  2. খ
    Akash told me that he has been ill.
  3. গ
    Akash told me that he had been ill.
  4. ঘ
    Akash said to me that I had been ill.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Direct speech এ said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Akash told me that he had been ill.
৪১৩.
Convert to indirect speech:
"Please close the window," he said to me.
  1. ক
    He requested me to close the window.
  2. খ
    He told me to please close the window.
  3. গ
    He asked me if I would close the window.
  4. ঘ
    He said to close the window.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সঠিক উত্তর: ক) He requested me to close the window.

- Direct Speech: "Please close the window," he said to me.
- এটি একটি Imperative sentence (আদেশ, অনুরোধ, নিষেধ ইত্যাদি)।
- এখানে "please" আছে — তাই এটি অনুরোধ বোঝায়।

- Imperative Sentence → Indirect Speech:
• Structure: Subject + requested/ordered/told + object + to + base verb + rest.
- অনুরোধ বোঝালে: requested.
- আদেশ বোঝালে: ordered/told.
• Indirect Speech: He requested me to close the window.

• Other options:
খ) "to please close the window" : "please" শব্দটি indirect speech-এ ব্যবহার হয় না।

গ) "asked me if..." : এটি WH/Yes-No প্রশ্নে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

ঘ) "said to close..." : "said" এর পর object থাকলে told/requested/ordered হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৪১৪.
Helena said, "I took the laptop home with me". [indirect]
  1. ক
    Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
  2. খ
    Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.
  3. গ
    Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
  4. ঘ
    Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: Helena said, "I took the laptop home with me".
- Indirect Narration: Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- যেমন: (I → she), (me → her).
- Direct speech টি- past indefinite tense (took) -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past perfect tense (had taken) -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

অন্যান্য অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর পরিবর্তন হয়নি ("took" should become "had taken").

গ) Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর ভুল পরিবর্তন হয়েছে ("has taken" না হয়ে "had taken" হবে).

ঘ) Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.
→  এটি ভুল, কারণ "told" সাধারণত object নেয়, এছাড়া "had the laptop taken" হলো wrong structure.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৪১৫.
They ought to follow the instructions. (make it passive)
  1. ক
    The instructions ought to been followed by them.
  2. খ
    The instructions ought to be followed by them.
  3. গ
    The instructions ought be followed by them.
  4. ঘ
    The instructions ought to follow by them.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মুল verb এর past participle বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active Voice: They ought to follow the instructions.
• Passive voice: The instructions ought to be followed by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪১৬.
Change the narration: Sajid: "I am going to the store."
  1. ক
    ক) Sajid said to he was going to the store.
  2. খ
    খ) Sajid said that he was going to the store.
  3. গ
    গ) Sajid told to me that he was going to the store.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Sajid said me that he was going to the store.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech/ Reporting speech  Vs Indirect speech / Reported  speech

Present indefinite      - Past indefinite 
Present continuous-  - Past continuous 
Present Perfect           -Past perfect 
Past indefinite            -Past Perfect 
Past continuous         - Past perfect continuous
Past perfect                - Past Perfect 
Future Indefinite        - Use of modal 

 যেহেতু quoted অংশটুকু present continuous  সুতরাং এর Reported  speech টি হবে past continuous structure অনুসরণ করবে। 

সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে: Sajid told to me that he was going to the store.
৪১৭.
Let's explore new opportunities together, ______________?
  1. ক
    shouldn't we
  2. খ
    shall we
  3. গ
    isn't let
  4. ঘ
    can't we
ব্যাখ্যা
Complete Sentence: Let's explore new opportunities together, shall we?

• Let’s বা Let us থাকলে Tag - এ shall we বসাতে হয়।
→ যেমন: Let’s play football, shall we?
→ যেহেতু, প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত বাক্যে -Let's আছে তাই শূন্যস্থানে shall we বসবে।

• সাধারণত Tag question ব্যবহৃত হয় পূর্বে উল্লেখিত কোন উক্তি সত্য না মিথ্যা তা নিশ্চিত হওয়ার জন্য। 
→ Statement positive হলে tag question টা negative হবে। আবার statement negative হলে tag question positive হবে। 

More Example:
- Let’s help the poor, shall we?
- Let us go for a walk, shall we? 

আবার,
→ Imperative Sentence হলে Tag- এ will you বসে।
→ যেমন: Open the door, will you?
৪১৮.
The Straits Times says, "We have found it." (make it indirect)
  1. ক
    The Straits Times said that had found it.
  2. খ
    The Straits Times said that they have found it.
  3. গ
    The Straits Times says that has found it.
  4. ঘ
    The Straits Times says that it has found it.
  5. ঙ
    The Straits Times exclaimed that they have found it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Reporting speech এ we থাকলে, তা যদি ব্যক্তি বা মানব জাতিকে না বুঝিয়ে Editorial বা পত্রিকা বিষয়ক/ সম্পাদকীয় বোঝায়, তবে we এর পরিবর্তে indirect speech এ it হবে। 

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: The Straits Times says, "We have found it."
Indirect: The Straits Times says that it has found it.

আবার,
• We দ্বারা মানব জাতিকে নির্দেশ করলে we=we ই থাকবে।
যেমন -
- Direct - He said 'We are the best of all the creations'.
- Indirect - He said that we are the best of all the creations.

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.
৪১৯.
Chose the indirect speech of - The boy said, 'Let me have a pen'.
  1. ক
    ক) The boy told that he should get a pen.
  2. খ
    খ) The boy wished that he might have a pen.
  3. গ
    গ) The boy said that he must have a pen.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) The boy told that he would have a pen.
ব্যাখ্যা
Reported speech "Let me/him/her" দিয়ে শুরু হলে indirect করার সময় said/wished/desired হবে।
এবং এর পরে that + sub + might/should + Verb এর (base form) বসবে।

সে অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর: The boy wished that he might have a pen.

Source: Advanced Learner's Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain
৪২০.
Choose the correct change of narration: Hamim said, “I was playing in the ground.”
  1. ক
    ক) Hamim was playing in the garden.
  2. খ
    খ) Hamim said I had been playing in the garden.
  3. গ
    গ) Hamim said he was playing in the garden.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hamim said that he had been playing in the garden.
ব্যাখ্যা

Assertive sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার নিয়ম:
গঠণ: Sub + reporting verb + that + sub (প্রয়োনজনুসারে পরিবর্তন) +verb (tense এর পরিবর্তনসহ)+others
উপরোল্লেখিত গঠণ অনুযায়ী বুঝা যায় সঠিক উত্তর হবে অপশন d.
অপশন a তে narration এর স্বাভাবিক নিয়মও ফলো করা হয়নি। তাই এটি উত্তর হবে না।
অপশন b তে linker উল্লেখ নাই । তাই তা উত্তর হবে না।
অপশন c তে tense এর ভুল আছে।
উৎস: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hossain

৪২১.
Choose the direct speech of the sentence : She told me to stand up.
  1. ক
    ক) She said, ''Do stand up.''
  2. খ
    খ) She said to me, ''Stand up.''
  3. গ
    গ) She told, ''Stand up.''
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) She said me, ''Stand up.''
ব্যাখ্যা
Imperative sentence-এর Direct speech করতে হলে told/ requested/ ordered/ commanded এর জায়গায় said to বসে। এবং indirect speech এর 'to' উঠে যায়৷ তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী She said to me, ''Stand up'' বাক্যটি সঠিক।
৪২২.
He told her that she would win the game. [change the narration]
  1. ক
    He said to her, "You will win the game."
  2. খ
    He said to her, "I hope you will win the game."
  3. গ
    He said to her, "You might win the game."
  4. ঘ
    He said to her, "You win the game."
ব্যাখ্যা

• Indirect: He told her that she would win the game.
• Direct speech: He said to her, "You will win the game."

• Narration/Speech - change করার ক্ষেত্রে, Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration - এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb - say/said বসে।
- Reporting verb -এর পরে object থাকলে Indirect narration - এ Reporting verb হিসেবে tell/told বসে।
- তারপর assertive sentence - এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর person, Reporting verb - এর subject, object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুযায়ী বসে।
- Direct narration -এ Reporting verb টি যদি Past tense -এ থাকে এবং Reported speech - এর মূল verb -এর পূর্বে shall, will, can, may ইত্যাদি থাকে, তাহলে Indirect narration - এ এগুলো পরিবর্তিত হয়ে যথাক্রমে should, would, could, might ইত্যাদিতে রূপান্তরিত হহয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Person পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reported speech -এর first person সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Reported speech -এর second person সবসময় Reporting verb -এর object -এর person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Reported speech -এর third person -এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।

• Note: Indirect narration থেকে Direct narration -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে, যেভাবে Indirect narration -এ নেয়া হয়েছে একইভাবে Direct narration -এ নিতে হবে।

Source:
1. A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৪২৩.
Which sentence is incorrect?
  1. ক
    She is the more beautiful of the two girls.
  2. খ
    Of all the boys, he is the latter.
  3. গ
    He is taller than any other boy in the class.
  4. ঘ
    Two boys named Kalim and Salim come here-I know the latter.
ব্যাখ্যা
The required answer is - খ) Of all the boys, he is the latter.
- “Latter” শব্দটি কেবল দুইটির মধ্যে দ্বিতীয়টিকে বোঝাতে ব্যবহার হয়, দুই এর বেশি হলে নয়।
- “Of all the boys” মানে অনেক ছেলে, সেখানে “latter” ব্যবহার ভুল।
- সঠিক হবে: He is the latter of the two boys.

- দুইয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে comparative এবং দুইয়ের অধিকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে superlative degree ব্যবহৃত হয়। 
Inc. She is the most beautiful of the two girls.
cor. She is the more beautiful of the two girls.

- Comparative-এর আগে the বসে না, কিন্তু two-কথাটি উল্লেখ থাকলে তার আগে the ব্যবহৃত হয়। 
Inc. He is taller boy in the class.
cor. He is the tallest boy in the class.
or, He is taller than any other boy in the class.

Inc. Two boys named Kalim and Salim came here-I know the last.
cor. Two boys named Kalim and Salim come here-I know the latter.

বাকি অপশনগুলো সঠিক।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৪২৪.
Choose the correct narration- "Don't waste time", the teacher said to the students.
  1. ক
    The teacher advised the students not to waste time.
  2. খ
    The teacher advised the students to not waste time.
  3. গ
    The teacher forbade the students not to waste time.
  4. ঘ
    The teacher ordered the students don't waste time.
ব্যাখ্যা
Imperative sentence-কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে,
- প্রদত্ত Direct speech এ অনুরোধ বুঝালে request বসবে, আদেশ বুঝালে command/order বসবে, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise বসবে।
- অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- সেই সাথে comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসবে।

Direct narration: "Don't waste time", the teacher said to the students.
Indirect narration: The teacher advised the students not to waste time.
৪২৫.
I say to you, “Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish”. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক
    ক) I say to you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
  2. খ
    খ) I tell you that Bashar could easily manage that though he seemed foolish.
  3. গ
    গ) I tell to you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) I wish you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
ব্যাখ্যা
Assertive Sentence এ Say এর পরে (to + Object) থাকলে (say to + Object) / (tell + object) দুইটাই বসানো শুদ্ধ।
Reporting Verb (say) Present Tense হলে শুধু Subject – Object পরিবর্তন হয়। এখানে Subject Noun থাকায় সেটাও পরিবর্তন হবে না।
কেবল Inverted Comma উঠে যাবে আর মাঝখানে that বসবে। 
৪২৬.
Does she know them? (make it passive)
  1. ক
    Are they known by her?
  2. খ
    Are they known to her?
  3. গ
    Are they known with her?
  4. ঘ
    Are they being known to her?
ব্যাখ্যা

• Auxiliary verb যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence কে Passive Voice করতে গেলে দুই ধাপে করতে হয়।
- প্রথমে বাক্যেটিকে Assertive sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে। 
- এরপর Passive voice এর Assertive Sentence টি কে Interrogative Sentence এ পরিণত করতে হয় 
- যেমন: Does she know them?  এর Assertive হচ্ছে She knows them.

• Assertive Sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুসারে Auxiliary verb বসে।
- Verb এর Past Participle from বসবে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর subject কে object করার সময় by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি। 
- Know এর সাথে by না হয়ে to বসে। 
- Active voice এর Subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসবে। 
 
• Active Voice: Does she know them?
• Passive Voice: Are they known to her?

৪২৭.
One should respect one's elders. (Make it passive)
  1. ক
    One's elders should been respected.
  2. খ
    One's elders should be being respected.
  3. গ
    One's elders should be respected.
  4. ঘ
    One's elders should respected.
ব্যাখ্যা

• One + should যুক্ত sentence কে passive করার নিয়ম:
- One's বাদ দিয়ে one's এর সাথের Object টি subject হিসেবে Passive voice এ বসে।
- Should এর জন্য Should be বসে।
- verb এর past participle বসে।

• Active voice: One should respect one's elders.
• Passive voice: One's elders should be respected.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪২৮.
Which of the following is the indirect form of: “The teacher said to me, ‘You are doing well in class.’”?
  1. ক
    The teacher said that I was doing well in class.
  2. খ
    The teacher told me that I am doing well in class.
  3. গ
    The teacher told me that I was doing well in class.
  4. ঘ
    The teacher said to me that I was doing well in class.
ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর: The teacher told me that I was doing well in class.

Indirect Narration
- Indirect Narration-এ বক্তার কথা পরিবর্তন করে বলা হয়।
- Direct Narration কে Indirect Narration-এ রূপান্তর করার সময় নিম্নলিখিত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হয়:
- Reporting Verb (said to) পরিবর্তন: - "said to" কে Indirect Narration-এ "told" এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে যায় এবং that যোগ হয়: - Inverted comma ("...") উঠে গিয়ে তার পরিবর্তে "that" যোগ করা হয়।
- Person পরিবর্তন: - Direct Narration-এ "You" (Second Person) ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। Indirect Narration-এ Reporting Verb-এর Object (me) অনুযায়ী "You" কে "I" তে পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- Tense পরিবর্তন: - Direct Narration-এ Present Continuous Tense ("are doing") ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। Indirect Narration-এ এটি Past Continuous Tense ("was doing") এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।

অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে,
- Direct: The teacher said to me, "You are doing well in class."
- Indirect: The teacher told me that I was doing well in class.

অন্য অপশনগুলোর মাঝে:
- ক) The teacher said that I was doing well in class.
- এখানে "said to" কে শুধু "said" করা হয়েছে, যা সঠিক নয়। "said to" কে "told" এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- খ) The teacher told me that I am doing well in class.
- এখানে Tense পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি। Present Continuous Tense ("am doing") কে Past Continuous Tense ("was doing") এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- ঘ) The teacher said to me that I was doing well in class.
- এখানে "said to" কে "told" এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি, যা সঠিক নয়।

৪২৯.
They said to me, ''We have been walking for an hour.'' (Make it Indirect)
  1. ক
    They said to me that they had been walking for an hour.
  2. খ
    They told me that they have been walking for an hour.
  3. গ
    They said to me that they have been walking for an hour.
  4. ঘ
    They told me that they had been walking for an hour.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: They told me that they had been walking for an hour.

Direct speech কে Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting Verb (said to) হয় তবে Indirect Narration-এ said to এর পরিবর্তে "told" বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে যায় এবং তার পরিবর্তে "that" যোগ করা হয়।
- Reporting verb এর Subject অনুযায়ী Reporting speech এর subject পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- Reporting verb Present/Future tense হলে Reported Speech এর verb এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। তবে Reporting verb past tense এর হলে তবে Reported speech এর verb পরিবর্তিত হবে।

অর্থ্যাৎ Narration এর নিয়মানুসারে:
Direct: They said to me, ''We have been walking for an hour.''
Indirect: They told me that they had been walking for an hour.

Other Options:
ক) They said to me that they had been walking for an hour- এখানে said to কে Told এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
খ) They told me that they have been walking for an hour-Reporting speech এর verb এর Tense পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
গ) They said to me that they have been walking for an hour- এখানে said to কে Told এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে এবং Reporting speech এর verb এর Tense পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

Source : A Passage To The English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৪৩০.
Rima said to Mitu, ‘Let us go home.’
  1. ক
    Rima proposes to Mitu that they should go home.
  2. খ
    Rima proposed to Mitu that she should go home.
  3. গ
    Rima proposed to Mitu that they shall go home.
  4. ঘ
    Rima proposed to Mitu that they should go home.
ব্যাখ্যা

ব্যাখ্যা: Let-যুক্ত বাক্যকে Indirect-এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে নিয়মটি হল Subject + propose/proposed to + that + they/we + should + reported speech-এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ।
প্রদত্ত বাক্যে reporting verb-টি Past Indefinite-এ আছে। তাই, said to এর বদলে proposed to হবে।
তাই, এই নিয়ম এবং শর্ত অনুযায়ী, Rima proposed to Mitu that they should go home হল সঠিক উত্তর।
Source: Advanced Learner’s English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury and Hussain

৪৩১.
You will attend the meeting. (make it passive)
  1. ক
    The meeting will be attended by you.
  2. খ
    The meeting will been attended by you.
  3. গ
    The meeting will being attended by you.
  4. ঘ
    The meeting will be being attended by you.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must, ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মুল verb এর past participle বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: You will attend the meeting.
Passive Voice: The meeting will be attended by you.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৩২.
She said, "Hurrah! We have won the match. (make it indirect)
  1. ক
    She said that they had won the match.
  2. খ
    She expresed that they had won the match.
  3. গ
    She told with joy they had won the match.
  4. ঘ
    She exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে।
(দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaim / exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর Verb বসবে।
- very/ great 
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Direct: She said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."
Indirect: She exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৩৩.
Select the correct comparative form of the sentence.
'A string of pearls was not so bright as her teeth.'
  1. ক
    ক) Her teeth was more brighter than a string of pearls.
  2. খ
    খ) Her teeth were brighter than a string of pearls.
  3. গ
    গ) A string of pearls was brighter than her teeth.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) A string of pearls were very bright than her teeth.
ব্যাখ্যা

বাক্যের অর্থ: মুক্তা মালাও তার দাঁতগুলোর মত এত উজ্জ্বল ছিল না।
যখন not-যুক্ত কোন Positive degree-এর বাক্যে দুটি ব্যক্তি/বস্তুর মধ্যে বৈশিষ্ট্যর তারতম্য বোঝায়, তখন নিচের নিয়মে সেটিকে Comparative করতে হয়।
২য় noun/noun phrase+ be+ adjective (comparative) +than + ১ম noun/noun phrase
তাই, সঠিক উত্তর হবে Her teeth were brighter than a string of pearls (তাঁর দাঁতগুলো.মুক্তা মালার চাইতেও উজ্জ্বলতর ছিল।)
Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain

৪৩৪.
Nahian said, "I am reading a book."
  1. ক
    Nahian said that he was reading a book.
  2. খ
    Nahian said he was reading a book.
  3. গ
    Nahian said that he is reading a book.
  4. ঘ
    Nahian says that he was reading a book.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Assertive sentence কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর সময়: 
- Reporting verb say/said or tell/told (object যদি থাকে) বসে
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে conjunction ‘that’ বসে
- Reported speech এর subject বসে
- verb বসে
- বাকী অংশ বসে

Structure: Subject + say/said/tell/told + object + that + Reported Speech এর subject + verb + বাকী অংশ 

Direct: Nahian said, "I am reading a book."
Indirect: Nahian said that he was reading a book.

Source:  Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain
৪৩৫.
One must respect elders. (change into passive voice)
  1. ক
    Elders must be respected.
  2. খ
    Elders must have been respected.
  3. গ
    Elders must be respected by oneself.
  4. ঘ
    Elders must be being respected.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: Elders must be respected.

• One যুক্ত বাক্যের Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এ Subject হিসেবে People, one ইত্যাদি থাকলে Passive করার সময় People /one বাদ দিতে হয়।
- তারপর বাক্যের Object-কে Subject করা হয়,
- তারপর Auxiliary Verb এর পর be + মূল Verb এর Past Participle form ব্যবহার করা হয়,
- পাশাপাশি object অংশে one's + noun থাকলে passive থাকলে one's কেও বাদ দিতে হয়।

Other options:
খ) Elders must have been respected.
- ভুল, কারণ One যুক্ত বাক্যের Active voice থেকে passive voice করার সময় Auxiliary Verb এর পর be + মূল Verb এর Past Participle form ব্যবহার করা হয়।

গ) Elders must be respected by oneself.
- ভুল, কারণ Active Voice এ Subject হিসেবে People, one ইত্যাদি থাকলে Passive করার সময় People /one বাদ দিতে হয়।

ঘ) Elders must be being respected.
- ভুল, কারণ One যুক্ত বাক্যের Active voice থেকে passive voice করার সময় Auxiliary Verb এর পর be + মূল Verb এর Past Participle form ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৪৩৬.
Jhilmil said to him, "Thank you". (Make it indirect.)
  1. ক
    Jhilmil said to him to thank you.
  2. খ
    Jhilmil thanked you.
  3. গ
    Jhilmil thanked him.
  4. ঘ
    Jhilmil told him to thank you.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech: Jhilmil said to him, "Thank you."
• Indirect speech: Jhilmil thanked him.

2. Rules for Indirect Speech (Thanking):
- "Thank you" কে indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার সময়:
- quotation marks  এবং reporting verb (said to) উঠিয়ে  "thanked + যে ব্যক্তিকে উদ্দেশ্য করে বলা (এক্ষেত্রে, "him"), indirect speech এ "you"  এর প্রয়োজন নেই।

- Structure: Subject (Jhilmil) + thanked + object (him).

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৪৩৭.
Alex said to me, "Don't do this." [change the narration]
  1. ক
    Alex said me not to do that.
  2. খ
    Alex told me not to do that.
  3. গ
    Alex tell me not to do that.
  4. ঘ
    Alex told me not to do this.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reported speech এ যদি আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ সূচক বাক্য থাকে, তাহলে indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের সময় sub + requested/ asked/ ordered/said to থাকলে told+ obj + to + verb + ext. এই structure অনুসরণ করা হয়।

• Imperative sentence টি যদি negative হয় তাহলে reporting verb এর পর not বসে এবং তারপর to বসে।

Example:
Direct: The teacher said to the student, "Don't tell a lie."
Indirect: The teacher advised the student not to tell a lie.

Direct: Alex said to me, "Don't do this."
Indirect: Alex told me not to do that.

Source: Advanced Learners, XI & XII Classes.
৪৩৮.
Who has seen the new movie? (Make it passive)
  1. ক
    Who has the new movie been seen by?
  2. খ
    By whom has the new movie seen?
  3. গ
    Whom has the new movie seen?
  4. ঘ
    Who has been the new movie seen?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Who দ্বারা শুরু হওয়া বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে passive voice এর শুরুতে By whom বসে।
- তারপর একটি auxiliary verb তারপর sentence এর subject বসে; auxiliary verb টি subject এর number ও person অনুযায়ী হয়।
 
• তবে আরেকটি নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- প্রথমে By whom না বসিয়ে পরেও বসানো যায়।
- আর এ ক্ষেত্রে whom না বসিয়ে Who দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু এবং by দিয়ে বাক্য শেষ হয়।

অর্থাৎ,
Active Voice: Who has seen the new movie? 
Passive Voice: Who has the new movie been seen by?

- অন্য নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - By whom has the new movie been seen?
৪৩৯.
Choose the correct indirect narration from the given options.
  1. ক
    Raju said that I have bought a car the previous day.
  2. খ
    Raju told that he had bought a car yesterday.
  3. গ
    Raju said that he bought a car the previous day.
  4. ঘ
    Raju said that he had bought a car the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা
- In the 1st option, the auxiliary verb 'have' has been incorrectly used as the past form of the verb is used in indirect speech.
- The verb 'had' could have been used instead.
- In the 2nd option, the adverb 'yesterday' has been incorrectly used.
- The phrase 'the previous day' could have been used instead.
- In the 3rd option, the verb 'bought' has been incorrectly used as the past simple tense gets converted into past perfect tense in indirect speech.
- The verb 'had bought' could have been used instead. ​​​​
- Thus we are left with the 4th option as the only correct choice.
Following these steps, we finally get - Raju said that he had bought a car the previous day.
৪৪০.
The tree has been uprooted. (make it active)
  1. ক
    The tree uproots someone.
  2. খ
    The tree has uprooted by someone.
  3. গ
    A storm has been uprooted the tree.
  4. ঘ
    A storm has uprooted the tree.
ব্যাখ্যা

• বাক্যে ক্রিয়ার কর্তা উহ্য থাকলে passive থেকে active করার সময় একটি কর্তা যেমন: 
- Active voice এ Subject হিসেবে someone, somebody, people, the authority, people, fire, the storm ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- প্রদত্ত sentence টির Active voice এ has been এর পরিবর্তে has বসবে।  
- tense অনুসারে verb এর form ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- Passive voice এর subject টি active voice এ object হিসেবে বসবে।

• Passive voice: The tree has been uprooted.
• Active voice: A storm has uprooted the tree.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৪১.
Maria is the ____________ student we have ever had at this school.
  1. ক
    ক) smarter
  2. খ
    খ) most smart
  3. গ
    গ) smartererst
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) smartest
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রশ্নে বলা হচ্ছে, মারিয়া আমাদের স্কুলের এ যাবতকালের অন্যতম সেরা ছাত্রী। অর্থাৎ এখানে superlative degree এর সঠিক ব্যবহার থাকতে হবে। 

অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে আছে, 

- smarter- এটি ভুল। কারণ এখানে দুয়ের মাঝে নয় বরং সকলের মাঝে তুলনা হচ্ছে। 
- most smart- smart শব্দটির superlative form হলো, Smartest. অতএব most smart ও ভুল। 
- smartererst- শব্দটি বানানগত ভাবে ভুল। 

সুতরাং, সঠিক ‍উত্তর হবে: smartest.
 
৪৪২.
He said to me, "Are you sleeping now?"(Make it Indirect)
  1. ক
    He asked me whether I was sleeping now.
  2. খ
    He asked me whether he was sleeping then.
  3. গ
    He asked me whether I had been sleeping now.
  4. ঘ
    He asked me whether I was sleeping then.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said to me, "Are you sleeping now?"
Indirect Speech: He asked me whether I was sleeping then.

• Interrogative sentence কে direct থেকে indirect narration এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
→ reporting verb টি ask, demand of, enquire of, want to know, wonder এ পরিবর্তন হয়।
→ Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে linker হিসেবে if/ whether বসবে।
→ reported speech এর অন্তর্গত interrogative sentence টি WH-question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে অর্থাৎ, সেই WH-question word টিই বসবে।
→ direct speech এর interrogative sentence টি indirect এ Assertive sentences এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
৪৪৩.
I heard her sing. [passive]
  1. ক
    She was heard sing by me.
  2. খ
    She was heard to be sung by me.
  3. গ
    She was heard sung by me.
  4. ঘ
    She was heard to sing by me.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: I heard her sing.
Passive: She was heard to sing by me.

• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।

Passive voice-এ perception verbs এর sentence গঠনের নিয়ম:
Active: Subject + verb + object + bare infinitive.
Passive: Object + be + past participle + full infinitive + by + subject.

• Need, bid, dare, see, hear, make, help, feel, let, know, behold, watch প্রভৃতি verb গুলোর পর Active Voice-এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পরে to বসে।
- যখন active sentence এ bare infinitive (to ছাড়া infinitive) থাকে, passive এ সেটি full infinitive (to সহ) হয়ে যায়।

অন্যান্য অপশন ভুল কারণ:

ক) She was heard sing by me.
 → এখানে “to” বাদ দেওয়া হয়েছে।
- Passive voice-এ bare infinitive (sing) আর থাকে না, বরং to + infinitive (to sing) হয়।
- তাই এটি ব্যাকরণগতভাবে ভুল।

খ) She was heard to be sung by me.
→ ভুল, কারণ এখানে to be sung passive infinitive ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। মূল বাক্যের অর্থ পাল্টে যাচ্ছে।

গ) She was heard sung by me.
 → grammatically ভুল, sung past participle, যা এখানে উপযুক্ত নয়।
- তাছাড়া এটি অর্থগত ভাবে ঠিক হয়নি। 

Source: Advancer Learner's HSC Communicative English by Chowdhury & Hussain.

৪৪৪.
He asked me when the next letter would come. (Make it direct)
  1. ক
    ক) He said to me, “When will the next letter come?”
  2. খ
    খ) He asked to me, “When will the next letter come?’’
  3. গ
    গ) He said to me, “When would the next letter come.’’
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He asked to me, “When would the next letter come?’’
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect speech এ asked এবং when থাকায় বুঝা যাচ্ছে, Reported speech একটি প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য।
- প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যটিতে when থাকায় reporting verb টি ‍said হবে।
- আর সাথে object (me) থাকায় তার পূর্বে to বসবে।
- অর্থাৎ, reporting verb এর পরে to বসবে।
- আর Reporting verb টি past tense এর হওয়ায় indirect speech এ থাকা would, direct speech এ will হবে।
তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক direct speech টি হবে -  He said to me, “When will the next letter come?”
৪৪৫.
He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay." (make it indirect)
  1. ক
    He has told me that he would go out but I shall stay.
  2. খ
    He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
  3. গ
    He told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
  4. ঘ
    He has told me that he would go out but I should stay.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech থাকে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Direct Speech এ Reporting Verb এর Tense যদি Present tense বা Future Tense হয় তখন Indirect Speech এ Tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Inverted Comma এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।

• Direct Speech: He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay."
• Indirect Speech: He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.

Source: A Passage To The English Language S. M. Zakir Hussain.

৪৪৬.
We said to the chairman, "Let us drop the matter." (make it indirect)
  1. ক
    We suggest the chairman that we should drop the matter.
  2. খ
    We proposed the chairman drop the matter.
  3. গ
    We said to the chairman that we should drop the matter.
  4. ঘ
    We proposed to the chairman that we should drop the matter.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এ,

Direct speech এ Let us থাকলে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 

• Structure - Subject + propose/suggest (tense অনুযায়ী) + to + object + that + they/we (person অনুযায়ী) + should + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত। 
Direct: We said to the chairman, "Let us drop the matter."
Indirect:
- We proposed to the chairman that we should drop the matter. 

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৪৭.
Change the voice: The manager advised cancelling the meeting.
  1. ক
    The meeting is advised to cancel by the manager.
  2. খ
    The manager advised that the meeting should be cancelled.
  3. গ
    The meeting should be cancelled by the manager.
  4. ঘ
    The manager had advised that the meeting should be cancelled.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Active voice: The manager advised cancelling the meeting.
- Passive voice: The manager advised that the meeting should be cancelled.

• Advise/ insist/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject ও verb বসবে।
- that বসে।
- gerund এর পরের object টি বসে।
- should be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে তার past participle হয়।

• Structure: Subject + advised + that + object (smoking) + should be + past participle.

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী বাক্যটির সঠিক passive form টি হলো- খ) The manager advised that the meeting should be cancelled.

৪৪৮.
Choose the correct passive voice for the sentence:
"They help the poor."
  1. ক
    The poor are helped by them.
  2. খ
    The poor are helping by them.
  3. গ
    The poor is helped by them.
  4. ঘ
    The poor helped by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct passive voice for the sentence is: ক) The poor are helped by them.

• Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর object‌ টি Passive voice এর subject হয়,
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb,
- মূল verb এর past participle + Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এর object হয় এবং তার পূর্বে Preposition (By, with, at, to, in) বসে।

- Active voice: "They help the poor"
Passive voice বানানোর নিয়ম: Object + be verb + past participle + by + subject
"The poor" plural হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাই "are" বসবে,
"Help" এর past participle হল "helped".

অতএব, সঠিক passive বাক্য হবে: The poor are helped by them.
৪৪৯.
Choose the best indirect form of the sentence: He said, “Kamal, come here”.
  1. ক
    ক) He requested Kamal to come here.
  2. খ
    খ) He asked Kamal to come here.
  3. গ
    গ) He said Kamal to go there.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He told Kamal to go there.
ব্যাখ্যা
Vocative Case হিসেবে কোনো Proper Noun থাকলে এটাকে Reporting Verb এর Object বানিয়ে দেয়া যায়। 
আর Imperative Sentence কোনো Specific Mood প্রকাশ না করলে Reporting Verb হিসেবে Tell ব্যবহার করা যায়।
Reporting Verb - Past Tense থাকলে নিকটবর্তী নির্দেশনাসূচক শব্দ দূরবর্তী নির্দেশনাসূচক শব্দে পরিণত হয়।
তাই এখানে Come = go এবং here = there হবে। 

তাই সঠিক উত্তর (ঘ)। 
৪৫০.
Karim said to him, "Let us forget the past and move forward." (make it indirect)
  1. ক
    Karim requested to him that they should forget the past and move forward.
  2. খ
    Karim said to him that they should forget the past and move forward.
  3. গ
    Karim proposed to him that they should forget the past and move forward.
  4. ঘ
    Karim proposed to him that they have forgotten the past and move forward.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Let যুক্ত sentence এর indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এরপর us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose / suggest হয়। 
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- they/ we + should বসে।
- Reported Speech এর মুল verb থাকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- Reporting verb এরপর Subject third person হলে that এরপরে they বসে, এবং Reporting verb এর subject first person হলে that এরপরে we বসে।

• Direct speech: Karim said to him, "Let us forget the past and move forward."
• Indirect speech: Karim proposed to him that they should forget the past and move forward.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৫১.
Buy the dress. (passive)
  1. ক
    The dress would be bought.
  2. খ
    The dress should bought.
  3. গ
    Let the dress be bought.
  4. ঘ
    Let the dress bought.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে,
শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
i) প্রথমে Let বসে +
ii) Object টি Subject রূপে বসে +
iii) be বসে +
iv) Verb এর past participle বসে।
- সেক্ষেত্রে শেষে by + subject ব্যবহার না করলেও হয়।

Active: Buy the dress.
Passive: Let the dress be bought.
৪৫২.
He said, “If I were a millionaire!” (Make it indirect)
  1. ক
    ক) He said that he wished he had been a millionaire.
  2. খ
    খ) He wished he had been a millionaire.
  3. গ
    গ) He wished he were a millionaire.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He wished if he were a millionaire.
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাক্যটি একটি Exclamatory Sentence হওয়ায় এবংএর দ্বারা আকাঙ্ক্ষা প্রকাশ করায় Reporting Verb -Said এর পরিবর্তে  wished হবে।
- Sentence কে Assertive Sentence বানাতে হয় অর্থাৎ if কে বাদ দিয়ে এর পরের অংশ বসে।
- বক্তা ও শ্রোতা অনুযায়ী Reported Speech এর Subject ও Object পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Direct narration এর reporting verb টি past tense এ থাকলে indirect narration করার ক্ষেত্রে reported speech ও past tense হবে। 
- Reporting Verb (say) Past Tense হওয়ায় Reported Speech (Inverted Comma এর ভেতরের অংশ) নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Past Tense কে Past Perfect এ রূপান্তর করার সাধারণ নিয়ম থাকলেও Unreal Past এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তাই  এখানে  were ই থাকবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - 
- He wished he were a millionaire.
৪৫৩.
Who wrote this poem? [passive]
  1. ক
    By whom was this poem been written?
  2. খ
    By whom was this poem being written?
  3. গ
    By whom was this poem written?
  4. ঘ
    Whom was this poem written?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Who - এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমেই By whom বসবে।
- তারপর Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসবে।
- তারপর active voice- এর object টি passive voice - এর subject হবে।
- তারপর মূল verb - এর past participle বসবে।
- Sentence টি interrogative sentence - এ-ই থাকবে, তাই শেষে interrogative চিহ্ন '?'  বসবে।

Active voice: Who did the sum?
Passive voice: By whom was the sum done?

Active Voice: Who wrote this poem?
Passive Voice: By whom was this poem written?

Source: Advanced Learner's HSC Communicative English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৫৪.
He said to me, "By God! I shall support you."- বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে-
  1. ক
    ক) He swore by God that he will support me.
  2. খ
    খ) He swore by God that he will have supported me.
  3. গ
    গ) He swear by God that he would have supported me.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He swore by God that he would support me.
ব্যাখ্যা
- প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নের সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে He swore by God that he would support me.

Explanation:
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then the modals like will/shall change to would.
অর্থাৎ reporting verb যদি past tense হয় তাহলে reporting speech এ will/shall পরিবর্তে would বসে।
Example:
Direct Speech: He said to me, "By God! I shall support you."
Indirect Speech: He swore by God that he would support me.
৪৫৫.
Salman said to me, "I don't care about what everyone else says."
  1. ক
    Salman told me that I didn't care about what everyone else said.
  2. খ
    Salman told me that he don't care about what everyone else says.
  3. গ
    Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else said.
  4. ঘ
    Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else says.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Narration: Salman said to me, "I don't care about what everyone else says."
• Indirect Narration: Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else said.

• Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb (said) -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Assertive sentence -এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে conjuction হিসেবে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর Direct narration -এ Reported speech -এর verb যদি present indefinite tense -এ থাকে তাহলে Indirect narration -এ past indefinite tense -এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Structure: Sub + told + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (that) + Reported speech -এর subject + verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + বাকি অংশ।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Indirect narration টি হবে - Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else said.

• Note: Reported speech -এ complex sentence -এর উভয় clause -এ verb থাকলে, উভয়েরই narration পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৪৫৬.
Monir said to his sister, ''Will you go to college? ''
  1. ক
    ক) Monirl asked his sister if she will go to college.
  2. খ
    খ) Monir asked his sister if she will be going to college.
  3. গ
    গ) Monir asked his sister if she would go to college.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Monir asked his sister as if she had gone to college.
ব্যাখ্যা
Reported speech -এ Auxiliary verb 'will' থাকাতে that না বসে if/whether বসাতে হবে।
Structure: Subject + ask/inquire of + object (যদি থাকে) + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + verb + বাকী অংশ৷
অর্থাৎ, সূত্রানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর- Monir asked his sister if she would go to college.
৪৫৭.
Let her answer the question. [passive]
  1. ক
    Let the question being answered by her.
  2. খ
    Let the question to be answered by her.
  3. গ
    Let the question be answered by her.
  4. ঘ
    Let the question answered by her.
ব্যাখ্যা

 Let যুক্ত Imperative sentence এর Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Let বসে।
- Object টির subject রূপে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টির Object রূপে বসে।

• Structure: Let + Object টির subject বসে + be বসে + মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + by + subject টির Object রূপে বসে।

Active: Let him finish the task.
Passive: Let the task be finished by him.

Active: Let her answer the question.
Passive: Let the question be answered by her.

৪৫৮.
Towhid said, "Hurrah! I have stood first in the exam." (make it Indirect)
  1. ক
    Towhid exclaimed with grief that he had stood first in the exam.
  2. খ
    Towhid said that he had stood first in the exam.
  3. গ
    Towhid exclaimed with joy that he had stood first in the exam.
  4. ঘ
    Towhid bade that he had stood first in the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- subject + reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim / exclaimed with joy বসে। (দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaim / exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে (যদি থাকে)।

• Direct speech: Towhid said, "Hurrah! I have stood first in the exam."
• Indirect speech: Towhid exclaimed with joy that he had stood first in the exam.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৫৯.
Which passive voice is correct?
  1. ক
    I annoyed him.
  2. খ
    Shut the door.
  3. গ
    Do the work.
  4. ঘ
    He was annoyed with me.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক Passive Voice: ঘ) He was annoyed with me.

• এই বাক্যটি ইতিমধ্যেই Passive Voice-এ রচিত।
- যদি Active Voice-এ রূপান্তর করতে চাই, তাহলে হবে: I annoyed him."

• Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর object‌ টি Passive voice এর subject হয় - 
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb,
- মূল verb এর past participle,
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এর object হয় -
- তার পূর্বে Preposition (By, with, at, to, in) বসে।

• Passive Voice এ annoyed এর পর ব্যক্তির পূর্বে with বসে আর বস্তুর পূর্বে at বসে।
৪৬০.
He said, "Let me have a pause to think about this." (Make it indirect)
  1. ক
    He desired that he may have a pause to think about that.
  2. খ
    He desired that he might have a pause to think about that.
  3. গ
    He desired that he may have a pause to think about this.
  4. ঘ
    He desired that he might have a pause to think about this.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech: He said, "Let me have a pause to think about this."
• Indirect Speech: He desired that he might have a pause to think about that.

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Let যুক্ত imperative sentence কে direct speech থেকে indirect speech করার নিয়ম:

- Reported speech "Let me/him/her" দিয়ে শুরু হলে indirect করার সময় "said/wished/desired" হবে।
- এবং এর পরে that + sub + might/should + Verb এর (base form) বসবে।
৪৬১.
They suggested improving the design. (change the voice)
  1. ক
    They suggested to that the design should be improved.
  2. খ
    They suggested so that the design should be improved.
  3. গ
    They suggested that the design should be improved.
  4. ঘ
    They suggested the design should be improved.
ব্যাখ্যা
• advice/ insist/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject ও verb বসবে।
- that বসে, 
- gerund এর পরের object টি বসে, 
- should be বসে, 
- প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে তার past participle হয়।

Active: He suggested giving up smoking. 
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.

Active: They suggested improving the design.
Passive: They suggested that the design should be improved.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৬২.
Pluck me some flowers. (make it passive)
  1. ক
    Let some flowers be plucked by me.
  2. খ
    Let some flowers been plucked for me.
  3. গ
    Let some flowers be plucked for me.
  4. ঘ
    Let some flowers be plucked to me.
ব্যাখ্যা

• শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর Verb এরপর Passive voice এ by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- Pluck এর সাথে by না হয়ে for বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active voice: Pluck me some flowers.
• Passive voice: Let some flowers be plucked for me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৬৩.
Determine which one in the list has no degree of comparison.
  1. ক
    Thin
  2. খ
    High
  3. গ
    Much
  4. ঘ
    No
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Degree of Comparison:
- In English language, a degree of comparison is a form of adjective that is used to compare a person or thing, possessing the same quality with another.
- It is related to the adjective or adverb in a sentence.

-কিছু adjective of quantity এর Degree of Comparison আছে। যেমন- much, high, fine, thin ইত্যাদি
-কিছু adjective of quantity এর Degree of Comparison নেই। যেমন- no, none, some, enough, sufficient ইত্যাদি

• তাই উল্লেখিত প্রশ্নের No এর degree of comparison নেই।
৪৬৪.
I said to him, 'will you follow me?' বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে-
  1. ক
    I said to him if he would follow me.
  2. খ
    I asked him if he would follow me.
  3. গ
    I asked him if he will follow me.
  4. ঘ
    I asked to him if he would follow me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• যদি Direct speech Interrogative sentence হয়, তাহলে indirect speech এ if বসে এবং Reported speech কে Indirect করার সময় sentence কে assertive করে নিতে হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে।

- সুতরাং, সঠিক indirect speech টি - I asked him if he would follow me.
৪৬৫.
'How long will you carry me?' He said to me. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক
    He asked me how long would he carry me.
  2. খ
    He asked me how long I would carry him.
  3. গ
    He asked me how long he will carry me.
  4. ঘ
    He asked me how long he should carry me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সঠিক উত্তর হবে - He asked me how long I would carry him.
• Subject + ask + object (যদি থাকে) + interrogative pronoun/interrogative adverb + Reported speech এর subject + verb + বাকী অংশ।
৪৬৬.
Change it into indirect speech: The driver says, "I am busy."
  1. ক
    The driver says that he was busy.
  2. খ
    The driver said that he is busy.
  3. গ
    The driver says that he is busy.
  4. ঘ
    The driver say that he is busy.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Direct: The driver says, "I am busy."
Indirect: The driver says that he is busy.
৪৬৭.
His school bag has been stolen. (make it active)
  1. ক
    Someone have been stolen his school bag.
  2. খ
    Someone have stolen his school bag.
  3. গ
    Someone stolen his school bag.
  4. ঘ
    Someone has stolen his school beg.
ব্যাখ্যা
• বাক্যে ক্রিয়ার কর্তা উহ্য থাকলে passive থেকে active করার সময় একটি কর্তা যেমন: 
- someone, somebody, people, the authority ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- Steal এর past participle form- Stolen বসবে।  
- someone / somebody এর সাথে has বসে। 

Active: His school bag has been stolen. 
Passive: Someone has stolen his school beg.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৬৮.
Choose correct indirect speech: Shelly said, “I will not attend the classes now”.
  1. ক
    Shelly said that she will not attend the classes then.
  2. খ
    Shelly said that she would not attend the classes now.
  3. গ
    Shelly said that she would not attend the classes then.
  4. ঘ
    Shelly said that she should not attend the classes then.
  5. ঙ
    None of the above
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is option 3.

The given sentence is direct speech and is an assertive statement.

Here the reporting verb is in Past tense.
In Future Simple tense, ‘will’ changes into ‘would’ in Indirect form.
Also, the pronoun ‘I’ will be replaced by ‘she’, and ‘now’ changes to ‘then’.
৪৬৯.
When a person says he will ‘face the music’, it means-
  1. ক
    ক) He will accept criticism.
  2. খ
    খ) He will listen to songs.
  3. গ
    গ) He will sit and listen
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He will try to comprehend
ব্যাখ্যা

FACE THE MUSIC (PHRASE):
informal
Meaning: be confronted with the unpleasant consequences of one’s actions.
Source: Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

৪৭০.
You will have finished this homework by tomorrow. (Make it passive)
  1. ক
    This homework will have been finished tomorrow.
  2. খ
    This homework will have been finished by tomorrow.
  3. গ
    This homework will be finished by tomorrow.
  4. ঘ
    This homework will finished tomorrow.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: You will have finished this homework by tomorrow.
Passive Voice: This homework will have been finished by tomorrow.

• প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Future perfect tense এর উদাহরণ।
→ কিছু কিছু  ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক word যেমন: ‘by this time’, ‘by morning’, ‘by Sunday’, ‘by tomorrow’, etc. ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future perfect tense হয়। 

• Future perfect tense কে active voice থেকে passive voice- এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
→ object টি subject হয় +
→ shall have been/will have been বসে +
→ মূল verb এর past participle বসে +
→ by বসে +
→ subject টির objective form বসে।
→ এখানে, 'You' subject হওয়ায় passive করার ক্ষেত্রে 'you' ঊহ্য রয়েছে।
৪৭১.
Pick out the correct direct speech of 'She said that her brother was getting married.'
  1. ক
    ক) She said, "Her brother is getting married."
  2. খ
    খ) She told, "Her brother is getting married."
  3. গ
    গ) She said, "My brother is getting married."
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) She said, "My brother was getting married."
ব্যাখ্যা
• 'She said that her brother was getting married.' এর সঠিক direct speech হবে - She said, "My brother is getting married."
- Indirect speech এ that clause টি past continuous tense এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা reported speech এ পরিণত হবে এবং তা present continuous tense এ হবে।
সুতরাং, সঠিক direct speech টি হবে - She said, "My brother is getting married."
৪৭২.
The team leader said 'we must finish the project tomorrow.' (Make in Indirect)
  1. ক
    The team leader said that they must have to be finished the project the following day.
  2. খ
    The team leader said that they would have to finish the project the next day.
  3. গ
    The team leader said that they must finished the project tomorrow.
  4. ঘ
    The team leader said that we must finish the project the day after today.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সাধারণত must, ought to এবং should-এর মতো modal auxiliary গুলির কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না, যদিও কখনো কখনো Direct Speech এ Must থাকলে এই Must দ্বারা যদি কোনো ভবিষ্যৎ কাজের বাধ্যবাধকতা বোঝায় অথবা উপদেশ বোঝায়, তাহলে Indirect করার সময় would have to ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• Tomorrow থাকলে the next day বসে।

• তাই এখানে, The team leader said that they would have to finish the project the next day - হবে সঠিক উত্তর।

Source: Advanced Learner's Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৭৩.
Please do not smoke. (make it passive)
  1. ক
    You are requested to smoke.
  2. খ
    Smoking is not allowed.
  3. গ
    You are requested not to smoke.
  4. ঘ
    You are not allowed to smoke.
ব্যাখ্যা
• 'Please' যুক্ত Imperative sentence কে Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
- Please/kindly এর পরিবর্তে Passive Voice- এ 'You are requested to' বসে।
- Negative sentence- এ to এর পূর্বে not বসে।
- Principal verb থেকে বাকি অংশ বসে।
- Active voice টি Present Tense- এ রয়েছে তাই Passive Voice এ 'Present Tense' হয়েছে।

Active: Please do not smoke.
Passive: You are requested not to smoke.

Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition by P. C. Das.
৪৭৪.
Helena said I took the laptop home with me. [make it indirect]
  1. ক
    Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
  2. খ
    Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.
  3. গ
    Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
  4. ঘ
    Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: 'Helena said I took the laptop home with me.'
- Indirect Narration: Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- যেমন: (I → she), (me → her).
- Direct speech টি- past indefinite tense (took) -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past perfect tense (had taken) -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

অন্যান্য অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর পরিবর্তন হয়নি ("took" should become "had taken").

গ) Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর ভুল পরিবর্তন হয়েছে ("has taken" না হয়ে "had taken" হবে).

ঘ) Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.
→  এটি ভুল, কারণ "told" সাধারণত object নেয়, এছাড়া "had the laptop taken" হলো wrong structure.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৪৭৫.
Riyad said to me, ''I had been working on it for 5 days.''
  1. ক
    Riyad told me that he had been working on it for 5 days.
  2. খ
    Riyad told me that he has been working on it for 5 days.
  3. গ
    Riyad told me that he had working on it for 5 days.
  4. ঘ
    Riyad told me that he was working on it for 5 days.
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation:
When Reporting verb in past Tense and reported speech is in ''Past Perfect Continuous Tense'',
then we do not change the tense of the reported speech.

Correct Passive Voice: Riyad told me that he had been working on it for 5 days.

৪৭৬.
The priest said, "God is everywhere."(make it indirect)
  1. ক
    The priest said that God was everywhere.
  2. খ
    The priest told that God is everywhere.
  3. গ
    The priest said that God is everywhere.
  4. ঘ
    The priest told that God was everywhere.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: The priest said, "God is everywhere."
Indirect: The priest said that God is everywhere.
- একটি চিরন্তন সত্য (Universal Truth)। Direct speech-এ যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য, বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য, বা অভ্যাসগত কাজ বোঝায়, তবে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তর করার সময় ভেতরের Tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।

 • Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৭৭.
"When I got home, I found I had lost my umbrella," Marzia said. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক
    Marzia said that when she had got home she found that she had lost her umbrella.
  2. খ
    Marzia said that when she got home, she found she had lost her umbrella.
  3. গ
    Marzia said that when she had got home she found she lost her umbrella.
  4. ঘ
    Marzia said that when she got home she had found that she had lost her umbrella.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech: "When I got home, I found I had lost my umbrella," Marzia said.
• Indirect Speech: Marzia said that when she got home, she found she had lost her umbrella.

• Reported speech- এ দুয়ের অধিক verb থাকলে indirect speech করার নিয়ম:
- direct narration- এর reported speech- এ যদি দুই বা ততোধিক verb থাকে এবং সেগুলো past indefinite tense- এ থাকে।
- তাহলে, indirect speech- এ past indefinite tense এ থাকা verb গুলোর কোনো প্রকার পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির direct speech- এ got, found, had lost- verb গুলো অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।
৪৭৮.
Passive voice of 'I had written the letter.' -
  1. ক
    ক) The letter had been written with me.
  2. খ
    খ) The letter had been written by me.
  3. গ
    গ) The letter had been writing by me.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) The letter has been written by me.
ব্যাখ্যা
Past Perfect Tense এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
Structure:- Object টির Subjective form + had been + মুল Verb এর Past Participle + by + Subject
টির Objective form.

Active: I had written the letter.
Passive: The letter had been written by me.
Active: We had dug the canal.
Passive: The canal had been dug by us.
৪৭৯.
She said that she had left the premises long before. (Make it direct)
  1. ক
    She said to that, "I left the premises long before."
  2. খ
    She said, "I had left the premises long before."
  3. গ
    She said, "I leave the premises long ago."
  4. ঘ
    She said, "I left the premises long ago."
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect: She said that she had left the premises long before.
• Direct: She said, "I left the premises long ago."

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure:
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before.
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.
৪৮০.
Let him answer the question. (make it passive)
  1. ক
    Let the question be answer by him.
  2. খ
    Let the question be answered by him.
  3. গ
    Let the question answered by him.
  4. ঘ
    Let the question been answered by him.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে। 
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active Voice: Let him answer the question.
• Passive Voice: Let the question be answered by him.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৮১.
Anwar said, 'Let him say whatever he likes.' বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে-
  1. ক
    Anwar said that he may say whatever he liked.
  2. খ
    Anwar said that he might say whatever he liked.
  3. গ
    Anwar told that he might say whatever he likes.
  4. ঘ
    Anwar said he might say whatever he likes.
ব্যাখ্যা
• 'Let' যুক্ত বাক্যকে Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech করার নিয়ম:

→ Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
→ Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে  that বসে + Reported Verb এর subject পুনরায় বসে + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত হয়। 

→ Structure: Subject + প্রদত্ত  Reporting verb + object যদি থাকে + that + Reported speech এর subject + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Example:
Direct Speech: Anwar said, 'Let him say whatever he likes.'
Indirect Speech: Anwar said that he might say whatever he liked.

Direct Speech: We said, "Let him tell the story."
Indirect Speech: We said that he might tell the story.
৪৮২.
He is _____ me in all aspects.
  1. ক
    superior in
  2. খ
    superior than
  3. গ
    superior to
  4. ঘ
    superior with
ব্যাখ্যা

• Complete sentence: He is superior to me in all aspects.
- Bangla meaning: সে সব দিক থেকেই আমার চেয়ে শ্রেষ্ঠ।

• Degree of comparison অনুযায়ী,
- সাধারণভাবে comparative degree -এর পরে 'than' বসলেও senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, ulterior, posterior, ইত্যাদি latin comparative এর পরে 'to' বসে।
- Superior to দ্বারা কারো চেয়ে শ্রেয়; শ্রেষ্ঠ; গরিষ্ঠ; পদমর্যাদায় উচ্চতর ইত্যাদি বুঝায়।
- যেমন: This house is superior to that.

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে- গ) superior to.

৪৮৩.
"Alas! I have lost my wallet," he exclaimed.
  1. ক
    He exclaimed alas that he had lost his wallet.
  2. খ
    He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his wallet.
  3. গ
    He exclaimed that he lost his wallet.
  4. ঘ
    Exclaimed with grief he said that he had lost his wallet.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, direct speech থেকে indirect speech করার নিয়ম:
- Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "exclaimed/exclaimed with joy" আর দুঃখ বুঝালে "exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief" হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
- reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/great বসবে।
- adjective বসবে।
-  বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

•  Direct Narration এ reporting clause (he said, said he) ইত্যাদি, reported speech এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা পিছনে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু indirect speech এ reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যে Direct speech এ have আছে তাই indirect এ had হবে।
- যেহেতু সুঃখজনক ঘটনা তাই exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief হবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর:
Direct Speech: "Alas! I have lost my wallet," he exclaimed.
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his wallet.
৪৮৪.
He said to me, ''Do you like music?'' the indirect form of this is-
  1. ক
    ক) He said if I like music
  2. খ
    খ) He asked me do I like music
  3. গ
    গ) He asked to me if like music
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He asked me if I liked music
ব্যাখ্যা

প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যে Reporting verb- 'said'.
Reported speech- 'Do you like music?'
Reporting verb ‘past tense’ এ আছে এবং Reported speech ‘present indefinite tense’ এ আছে।
তাই Indirect speech এ Reported speech পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ‘past indefinite tense’ হবে।
শুধু অপশন (ঘ) তে Reported speech ‘past indefinite tense’ এ আছে, তাই এটিই সঠিক উত্তর।

৪৮৫.
He said, 'I went to Tangail.' (Indirect)
  1. ক
    He said that had he gone to Tangail.
  2. খ
    He said that I had gone to Tangail.
  3. গ
    He said that he had gone to Tangail.
  4. ঘ
    He said that he went to Tangail.
ব্যাখ্যা
Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He said that he had gone to Tangail.
৪৮৬.
We are anxious to complete the project on time. (make it passive)
  1. ক
    We are anxious that the project should completed on time.
  2. খ
    We are anxious that the project should be completed on time.
  3. গ
    We are anxious that the project should being completed on time.
  4. ঘ
    We are anxious that the project should complete on time.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Agree/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decide/ demand + infinitive object যুক্ত Sentence কে Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject ও Verb বসবে।
- that বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের Object বসবে।
- should be বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

• Active voice: We are anxious to complete the project on time.
• Passive voice: We are anxious that the project should be completed on time.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৮৭.
Which one is an example of a superlative degree?
  1. ক
    Little
  2. খ
    Least
  3. গ
    Less
  4. ঘ
    Most little
ব্যাখ্যা

• The required answer is - Least.

• Least: (Adjective, Noun & Adverb)
- English meaning: Smallest in size, amount, degree, etc.
- Bangla meaning: অতি অল্প পরিমাণ; ক্ষুদ্রতম পরিমাণ।

• প্রদত্ত অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে,
- Little হলো Positive degree.
- এর Comparative form - Less এবং;
- Superlative form - Least.

• আর, Most little Grammatically ভুল।

Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition by P. C. Das

৪৮৮.
Convert the following to indirect speech:
She said, "I will complete the assignment tomorrow."
  1. ক
    She said that she will complete the assignment the next day.
  2. খ
    She said that she would complete the assignment tomorrow.
  3. গ
    She said that she would complete the assignment the next day.
  4. ঘ
    She said that she will complete the assignment the following day.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: She said, "I will complete the assignment tomorrow."
Indirect Speech: She said that she would complete the assignment the next day.

Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তন করার Structure:
- Pronoun change → Direct Speech এর 'I' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'she' হবে।
- Subject + said (that) → Direct Speech এ said থাকলে Indirect Speech এ that ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- 'will' → 'would' → ভবিষ্যৎকাল (Future Tense) এর 'will' কে Indirect Speech এ 'would' এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- 'tomorrow' → 'the next day' → সময় নির্দেশক পরিবর্তন হবে, কারণ Direct Speech এর tomorrow কে Indirect Speech এ the next day বা the following day হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হয়।

তাই, সঠিক উত্তর হবে - 'She said that she would complete the assignment the next day.'

Source: A Passage To The English Language: S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৪৮৯.
The old man said, “Curse the flood.” The indirect form of the sentence is-
  1. ক
    ক) The old man said that the flood be cursed .
  2. খ
    খ) The old man cursed the flood .
  3. গ
    গ) The old man told that the flood is cursed.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) The old man was cursing the flood.
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যের গঠন অনুসারে একমাত্র (খ) অপশনের “The old man cursed the flood.” সঠিক উত্তর।
৪৯০.
'Man is mortal' বাক্যটির Indirect speech কোনটি?
  1. ক
    He said that mortal is man .
  2. খ
    Man is mortal that he said.
  3. গ
    The mortal is a man.
  4. ঘ
    He said that man is mortal.
ব্যাখ্যা
Reporting Verb-টি Past Tense -এ থাকা সত্ত্বেও Direct Speech-এ চিরন্তন সত্য বা নিত্য অভ্যাস /সত্য প্রকাশ করলে সেক্ষেত্রে Direct Speech এর Verb এর Tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না। 
যেমন: 
Direct Speech - Man is mortal. 
Indirect Speech - He said that man is mortal. 

Direct Speech 
Direct speech হল বক্তার দ্বারা বলা হুবহু বক্তব্য যা quotation mark বা উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের মধ্যে থাকে।
Direct speech is the exact speech said by the speaker which is put within quotation marks.

Example:
He said to his friend, “I like sweets very much.”
Direct speech এর মধ্যে দুটি অংশ থাকে:
Reporting Speech and Reported Speech
একটি comma (,) এবং দুটি inverted comma (““) এই অংশ দুটিকে একে অপর থেকে পৃথক করে।
Reporting Speech:
Reporting speech হল inverted comma-র বাইরের অংশ অর্থাৎ comma-র আগের অংশ। এখানে দুটি পক্ষ জড়িত থাকে, বক্তা এবং সে যাকে বলছে।
উপরের উদাহরণে, He said to his friend, হল reporting speech.
Reporting speech is the part which is outside the inverted commas, i.e., the part before the comma. It involves two parties the reporter and to whom s/he is reporting.

Reported Speech:
Reported Speech হল inverted comma-র মধ্যেকার অংশ।
Reported Speech is the part which is within the inverted commas.
উপরের উদাহরণে, “I like sweets very much.”-হল reported speech।
৪৯১.
Identify the correct indirect speech. He said, "How delightful the taste of this dish was!"
  1. ক
    He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was delightful.
  2. খ
    He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was being very delightful.
  3. গ
    He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was very delightful.
  4. ঘ
    He exclaimed that the taste of this dish had been very delightful.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said, "How delightful the taste of this dish was!"
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed that the taste of this dish had been very delightful.

• Exclamatoey Sentence- এ ক্ষেত্রে Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
→ Direct speech এ reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায়, Indirect speech এ reporting verb 'exclaimed' হবে। 
→  direct speech এ 'was' থাকায় reported speech- এ 'had been' হবে।
→  exclamatory sentence এ how থাকলে assertive sentence এ very বসে।
৪৯২.
The teacher said, ''Thank you, my boys.'' Indirect speech of the sentence is-
  1. ক
    ক) The teacher thanked me
  2. খ
    খ) The teacher had thanked the boys
  3. গ
    গ) The teacher told us that thank you
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) The teacher thanked the boys
ব্যাখ্যা
Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী thank you থাকলে যে নিয়মে indirect করতে হয়, তা হচ্ছে- reporting verb এর sub + thank + sub এর obj form। যেমন He said to me, ‘Thank you’. এর indirect narration হবে He thanked me.
The teacher said, ''Thank you, my boys.'' এর indirect narration হবে The teacher thanked the boys.
৪৯৩.
Which one is correct indirect narration of the statement below: Karim said, "I read a book every day".
  1. ক
    ক) Karim said that he reads a book every day.
  2. খ
    খ) Karim said that I am reading a book every day.
  3. গ
    গ) Karim said that I read a book every day.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Karim said that he read a book every day.
ব্যাখ্যা

সাধারণত, reported speech যদি Present indefinite হয়, তাহলে এর Indirect narration এ Past indefinite হয়। 
কিন্তু, reported clause দ্বারা যদি Universal truth/ Historical event/ Natural phenomena/Mathematical equations/ Moral Principles and Proverbs/ Habitual action (a part of the daily routine) বুঝায় তাহলে Indirect speech এ এর tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না; reporting verb টি যে tense ই হোক না কেন।

উদাহরণ:
Habitual Action:
Direct: Rahim said, "We play cricket every day."
Indirect – Rahim said that they play cricket every day.

Direct: Karim said, "I read a book every day".
Indirect: Karim said that he reads a book every day. 

Scientific Statements: 
Direct: The teacher said to the children, “Water freezes into ice below 0°C.”    
Indirect: The teacher told the children that water freezes into ice below 0°C.

Moral Principles and Proverbs: 
Direct: “Honesty is the best policy.” They said.
Indirect: They said that honesty is the best policy.

Natural Phenomena: 
Direct: I said, “Water is colourless.” 
Indirect: I said that water is colourless.

Mathematical Equations:
Direct: “Five and five make ten.” Said the girl.    
Indirect: The girl said that five and five make four.

Historical Event:
Direct: Our teacher said to us, “The Liberation War took place in 1971.”
Indirect: Our teacher told us that the Liberation War took place in 1917. [had taken হবে না]

৪৯৪.
He said, 'You had better see a doctor'. The correct indirect form is
  1. ক
    He suggested that he should see a doctor.
  2. খ
    He advises that he should see a doctor.
  3. গ
    He proposed him to see a doctor.
  4. ঘ
    He advised him to see a doctor.
ব্যাখ্যা
• had better এবং subject second person যুক্ত direct speech কে  indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম - 
- প্রথমে Subject বসে।
-  advise/advised
- object
- infinitive
- বাকি অংশ।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে -  He advised him to see a doctor.
৪৯৫.
People say that laughter is the best medicine. (Make it passive)
  1. ক
    That laughter is the best medicine was said by people.
  2. খ
    It is said that laughter is the best medicine.
  3. গ
    It was said by people that laughter is the best medicine.
  4. ঘ
    People say that laughter is the best medicine.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Compound Sentence এবং Complex Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে Active voice-এর উভয় clause-কে একই voice-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
- Active Voice People say দিয়ে শুরু হলে passive voice "It is said" দিয়ে শুরু করা হয়।
 
• Active voice এ people + stative verb (know, think, understand, know, find, say, etc) + that + clause থাকলে, passive করার নিয়ম হচ্ছে - 
- It is/was (tense অনুযায়ী) + said + that + clause (যা আছে তাই) টি।
 
সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Active Voice: People say that laughter is the best medicine. 
Passive Voice: It is said that laughter is the best medicine.
৪৯৬.
Choose the correct sentence.
  1. ক
    She is a very perfect singer.
  2. খ
    He reached the most absolute conclusion.
  3. গ
    She has exceptional talent.
  4. ঘ
    This is a most unique opportunity.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct sentence: She has exceptional talent.

• Degree of comparison নিয়ম অনুসারে,
- Absolute, excellent, extreme, supreme, perfect, unique, ইত্যাদি absolute adjective গুলো নিজেরাই superlative এর অর্থ প্রদান করে, তাই এদের পূর্বে more, most, very বা অন্য কোনো qualifier বসে না।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক বাক্যটি হলো- She has exceptional talent.

• Other options:
ক) She is a very perfect singer. → She is a perfect singer.
খ) He reached the most absolute conclusion.. → He reached the absolute conclusion.
ঘ) This is a most unique opportunity. → This is a unique opportunity.

৪৯৭.
He said to me, "What are you doing"? বাক্যটির Indirect speech হবে-
  1. ক
    ক) He asked me what I was doing
  2. খ
    খ) He asked me what I am doing
  3. গ
    গ) He asks me what I am doing
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He asks me what I was doing
ব্যাখ্যা
Reported speech যদি Interrogative Pronoun (যেমন: Who, Whom, Whose, What, Which, ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয় তবে তাকে Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম: 
Subject+ask+object+Interrogative pronoun+Reported speech এর subject+verb+বাকী অংশ। 
তাই সঠিক উত্তরটি হবে: He asked me what I was doing. 

Source: Advanced Learner's English grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hussain.
৪৯৮.
Let her prepare the meal. [passive]
  1. ক
    Let the meal be prepared by her.
  2. খ
    Let the meal to be prepared by her.
  3. গ
    Let the meal be prepare by her.
  4. ঘ
    Let the meal prepared by her.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: Let her prepare the meal.
Passive: Let the meal be prepared by her.

• Let যুক্ত Imperative sentence এর Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Let বসে।
- Object টির subject রূপে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টির Object রূপে বসে।

• Structure: Let + Object টির subject বসে + be বসে + মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + by + subject টির Object রূপে বসে।

৪৯৯.
Change the following sentence into indirect form: Proma asked me 'What is your name'?
  1. ক
    Proma asked of me what my name was.
  2. খ
    Proma enquired of me what my name was.
  3. গ
    Proma enquired me what my name was.
  4. ঘ
    Proma asks me what my name is.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায় -
- সাধারণত Reporting verb যদি past indefinite tense এ থাকে, এবং যদি reporting speech টি present indefinite tense থাকে তবে indirect speech এ তা past indefinite হবে।
- reporting speech এ is থাকলে was হবে।
- Interrogative sentence এ Said to থাকলে asked/enquired of/inquired of হবে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Proma enquired of me what my name was.
৫০০.
Does he know them? (make it passive)
  1. ক
    Are they known by him?
  2. খ
    Are they known with him?
  3. গ
    Are they being known to him?
  4. ঘ
    Are they known to him?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Auxiliary verb যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence কে Passive Voice করতে গেলে দুই ধাপে করতে হয়।
- প্রথমে বাক্যেটিকে Assertive sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে। 
- এরপর Passive voice এর Assertive Sentence টি কে Interrogative Sentence এ পরিণত করতে হয়।
- যেমন: Does he know them? এর Assertive হচ্ছে He knows them.

• Assertive Sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুসারে Auxiliary verb বসে।
- Verb এর Past Participle from বসবে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর subject কে object করার সময় by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি। 
- Know এর সাথে by না হয়ে to বসে। 
- Active voice এর Subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসবে। 
 
Active Voice: Does he know them?
Passive Voice: Are they known to him?

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.