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Voice, Narration and Degree

মোট প্রশ্ন১,৩৫৬এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Voice, Narration and Degree

PrepBank · পাতা / ১৪ · ৩০১৪০০ / ১,৩৫৬

৩০১.
কোন শব্দটি Comparative degree-এর উদাহরণ নয়?
  1. ক) Upper
  2. খ) Less
  3. গ) Worse
  4. ঘ) Highest
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে- Highest
- Upper হচ্ছে Up এর Comparative form. 
- Less হচ্ছে little এর Comparative form. 
- Worse হচ্ছে Bad এর Comparative form. 

অন্যদিকে, 
High (Positive) → Higher (Comparative) → Highest (Superlative). 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain. 
৩০২.
The superlative form of clever is:
  1. ক) Cleverer
  2. খ) Cleverest
  3. গ) Must clever
  4. ঘ) B+C
ব্যাখ্যা
Clever  
-[ক্লেভা(র্‌)] (adjective) 
- বাংলা অর্থ: চালাক; চতুর; দক্ষ।
- এর superlative form হলো cleverest
৩০৩.
'I will help Sadia', he said, 'if i can'. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) I would help Sadia, if I could, he said.
  2. খ) He said that he would help Sadia if he could.
  3. গ) He would help Sadia, he said, if he could.
  4. ঘ) He said if he could he would help Sadia.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Narration এ reporting clause (he said, said he) ইত্যাদি, reported speech এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা পিছনে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু indirect speech এ  reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে, can হবে could.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে - He said that he would help Sadia if he could.
৩০৪.
The old man said, "I had a vast library in my youth." (Make it indirect)
  1. The old man said that he have had a vast library in his youth.
  2. The old man said that he had have a vast library in his youth.
  3. The old man said that he had a vast library in his youth.
  4. The old man said that he had had a vast library in his youth.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।

• প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটির Direct speech এ subject এরপর শুধু had আছে, তাই indirect speech এ had + past participle হবে।
- অর্থাৎ, had + had হবে।
- কিন্তু had + verb এর past participle থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• The old man said, "I had a vast library in my youth."
- Indirect: The old man said that he had had a vast library in his youth.
৩০৫.
Choose the superlative degree of 'Able'.
  1. Able
  2. Unable
  3. Abler
  4. None of the above
ব্যাখ্যা

Answer - None of the above.

• Able - কোনো কিছু করতে সমর্থ/সক্ষম।

Able হলো এক syllable বিশিষ্ট word.
- সুতরাং এর পূর্বে কোনো অতিরিক্ত word  যুক্ত হয়ে superlative degree গঠিত হয় না। 

- able এর সাথে 'est' suffix যুক্ত হয়ে superlative degree গঠিত হয়। যেমনঃ able + est= ablest.
- আর er suffix যুক্ত হয়ে comparative degree গঠিত হয়। যেমনঃ able + er= abler.

• সুতরাং, Able এর comparative degree হলো - ‘abler’ এবং superlative degree হলো - 'ablest'.

- যেহেতু, প্রশ্নে ablest উল্লেখ নেই, তাই সঠিক উত্তর হবে - none of these.

• অন্য অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে - 
- unable -  অক্ষম; অপারগ।
- able এর বিপরীত অর্থ প্রকাশ করছে।

Source: Bangla Academy Dictionary.

৩০৬.
The teacher made the students write the report. (make it passive) 
  1. The students were made to written the report by the teacher.
  2. The students were made writing the report by the teacher.
  3. The students were made written the report by the teacher.
  4. The students were made to write the report by the teacher.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

• Active Voice: The teacher made the students write the report.
• Passive Voice: The students were made to write the report by the teacher.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩০৭.
We are going to organize the event. (make it passive)
  1. The event is going to be organized by us.
  2. The event is to be organized by us.
  3. The event are going to be organized by us.
  4. The event is going to being organized by us.
ব্যাখ্যা
be going to দিয়ে Active Voice থাকলে তা Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- going to এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- going to এরপর be বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: We are going to organize the event.
Passive Voice: The event is going to be organized by us.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩০৮.
The artist painted a beautiful landscape. (Make it passive)
  1. A beautiful landscape was be painted by the artist.
  2. A beautiful landscape was being painted by the artist.
  3. A beautiful landscape was painted by the artist.
  4. A beautiful landscape painted by the artist.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Past Indefinite Tense এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
- Object টির subject form +
- was/were +
- মূল verb এর past participle +
- by +
- subject টির objective form বসে।
 
Active Voice: The artist painted a beautiful landscape.
Passive Voice: A beautiful landscape was painted by the artist.
৩০৯.
The priest said, "May God forgive your sins." (Change into indirect speech)
  1. The priest prayed to that God may forgive my sins.
  2. The priest prayed to that God might forgive my sins.
  3. The priest prayed that God may forgive my sins.
  4. The priest prayed that God might forgive my sins.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: The priest said, "May God forgive your sins."
Indirect: The priest prayed that God might forgive my sins.

• Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসবে,
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে,
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে,
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি একটি Optative Sentence.
- Optative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে 'said'-এর পরিবর্তে prayed বসবে।
- Prayed-এর পর সাধারণত সরাসরি object বসে না।
- Reporting verb (said) যেহেতু Past Tense-এ আছে, তাই 'May' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে might হবে।
- Pronoun 'your' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে object অনুযায়ী my হবে।
- Correct answer: The priest prayed that God might forgive my sins.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩১০.
‘let him sing a song.’ বাক্যটির সঠিক পরিবর্তিত voice হবে-
  1. ক) Let a song sing by him.
  2. খ) Let a song be sung by him.
  3. গ) Let a song be sang by him.
  4. ঘ) Let a song sung by him.
ব্যাখ্যা
Let যুক্ত imperative বাক্যের passive গঠন - let + object + be + v3 (past participle) + by + let পরবর্তী ব্যাক্তিবাচক objecet।
সুতরাং, ‘Let him sing a song.’- এর passive voice হবে ‘Let a song be sung by him.’
৩১১.
Ayesha said 'I am sorry'. (Make it indirect)
  1. Ayesha said that she was sorry.
  2. Ayesha said to us that she was sorry.
  3. Ayesha made an apology to us.
  4. Ayesha apologized.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Mood অনুযায়ী বাক্যকে indirect speech এ পরিণত করা যায়।
- সে ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে subject এবং তারপরেই verb বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 'Sorry' যুক্ত direct speech কে Indirect করতে হলে, 
- Indirect speech এ said এর পরিবর্তে made an apology or apologized বসে। 
- Structure: subject + made an apology/ apologized.

• সে অনুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Ayesha apologized.
৩১২.
Change into Indirect Speech -
She said to me, “Why are you late today?”
  1. She asked me why I was late that day.
  2. She told me why I was late today.
  3. She asked me why was I late that day.
  4. She asked me why I am late today.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Correct Answer: ক) She asked me why I was late that day.

- She said to me, “Why are you late today?”
- এটি একটি প্রশ্নবাক্য, তাই Indirect Speech-এ “asked” ব্যবহার হবে, “told” নয়।
- "Said to" কে প্রশ্নরূপে Indirect করতে গেলে “asked” করা হয়।
- “Why” অপরিবর্তিত থাকে, তবে বাক্যটি প্রশ্নরূপে নয়, বর্ণনার মতো হয় (why + subject + verb).
- Tense পরিবর্তন হয়: “are” → “was” এবং “today” → “that day” (past reporting verb থাকায়)।
- তাই সঠিক Indirect Speech হলো: “She asked me why I was late that day.”

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩১৩.
My teacher said, "He arrives on time and completes his work daily". Choose the correct indirect speech.
  1. My teacher said that he had arrived on time and completed his work daily.
  2. My teacher said that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
  3. My teacher told that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
  4. My teacher said that he had arrived on time and had completed his work daily.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: My teacher said that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
-
Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়।

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb যদি Present বা Future tense-এ থাকে, তাহলে Reported Speech-এর tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে যদি Reporting verb যদি Past tense-এ থাকে, তাহলে Reported Speech-এর Present indefinite tense Past indefinite tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়।
- Subject + Reporting Verb টি বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।

Other options:
ক) My teacher said that he had arrived on time and completed his work daily.
- Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) My teacher told that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
- Reporting verb এ 'said to' থাকলে এর পরিবর্তে 'told' ব্যবহৃত হয়। অন্যদিকে 'said' থাকলে Indirect speech এ 'said' ব্যবহার করতে হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) My teacher said that he had arrived on time and had completed his work daily.
- Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা Indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩১৪.
We will explain why we want to do it. (Passive)
  1. The reason want to do that will be explained by us.
  2. All the reasons we explain be explained by us.
  3. Why we want to be do would be explained by us.
  4. Why we want to do it will be explained by us.
ব্যাখ্যা
 
• Future indefinite যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম - 
 - প্রথমে object টি subject রূপে বসে
- shall/will + be বসে
- এরপর verb এর past participle form বসে
- subject টি object রূপে বসে।
সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Why we want to do it will be explained by us.
৩১৫.
Identify the correct degree: ‘Very few cities in Bangladesh are (populous) Dhaka.’ 
  1. as populous as
  2. more populous than
  3. the most populous
  4. populous as
ব্যাখ্যা
Degree:

• প্রদত্ত অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে সঠিক বাক্য হলো - as populous as.
• Very few cities in Bangladesh are (populous) Dhaka - বাক্সটি হলো একটি positive degree.
• Positive Degree এর গঠন : Very few + Others/extension + বাক্যের সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া + as/so (adjective/positive degree) as + Subject.
• এই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী - সঠিক বাক্য হলো as populous as.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar and Composition (For Class 9-10).
৩১৬.
Identify the passive form of the following sentence:
"Who has rearranged the furniture in the living room?"
  1. By whom has the furniture in the living room rearranged?
  2. By whom has the furniture in the living room been rearranged?
  3. Whom has the furniture in the living room been rearranged?
  4. By whom has the furniture in the living room being rearranged?
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Who has rearranged the furniture in the living room?
Passive Voice: By whom has the furniture in the living room been rearranged?

- Who দ্বারা শুরু হওয়া বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে passive voice এর শুরুতে By whom, তারপর একটি auxiliary verb তারপর sentence এর subject বসে।
- Auxiliary verb টি subject এর number ও person অনুযায়ী হয়।
- Interrogative বাক্যের passive voice interrogative বাক্যই হয়। 

More example: 
Active Voice: Who has misplaced the key?
Passive Voice: By whom has the key been misplaced?

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৩১৭.
Inaaya said, “I shall go to school.” বাক্যটির Indirect speech হবে -
  1. Inaaya told to me she will go to school.
  2. Inaaya told that she went to school.
  3. Inaaya said that she will go to school.
  4. Inaaya said that she would go to school.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Future tense এর will/shall এর পরিবর্তে would ব্যবহৃত হয়। 
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Direct: Inaaya said, “I shall go to school.”
Indirect: Inaaya said that she would go to school. 
৩১৮.
Zamal said, "We must respect the rules of the game." (Make it indirect)
  1. Zamal said that he had to respect the rules of the game.
  2. Zamal said that we must respect the rules of the game.
  3. Zamal said that they had to respect the rules of the game.
  4. None of these
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: Zamal said, "We must respect the rules of the game."
Indirect Speech: Zamal said that they had to respect the rules of the game.

• must ↔ had to:
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়,
→ Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
→ Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
→ Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
→ to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
→ বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৩১৯.
They said, "Long live our leader." (Change into indirect speech)
  1. They said that their leader might live long.
  2. They told that their leader might live long.
  3. They wished that their leader might live long.
  4. They requested that their leader might live long.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: They said, "Long live our leader."
Indirect: They wished that their leader might live long.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- "said" এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে,
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে,
- reported speech এর subject বসে+ may/ might বসে,
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

Other options:
ক) They said that their leader might live long.
- এটি ভুল, কারণ Optative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে "said" এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে।

খ) They told that their leader might live long.
- এটি ভুল, কারণ Optative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে "said" এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে।

ঘ) They requested that their leader might live long.
- এটি ভুল, কারণ Optative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে "said" এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩২০.
Chose the correct narration___ He says, 'I am well'.
  1. He said that he is well.
  2. He says that he is well.
  3. He says that he was well.
  4. He says that he has been well.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায় reported speech এ am এর পরিবর্তে was হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- যদি Reporting Verbটি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Example:
Direct: 'The farmer says, "I am busy."
Indirect: The farmer says that he is busy.

Direct: 'The farmer will say, "I am busy."
Indirect: The farmer will say that he is busy.

Direct: He says, “I am well.”
Indirect: He says that he is well.

Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition, P.C DAS.
৩২১.
Faria said 'I am sorry' (Make it indirect)
  1. Faria said that she is sorry.
  2. Faria said to me I am sorry.
  3. Faria made an apology.
  4. Faria had apologized.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Mood অনুযায়ী বাক্যকে indirect speech এ পরিণত করা যায়।
- সে ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে subject এবং তারপরেই verb বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 'Sorry' যুক্ত direct speech কে Indirect করতে হলে, 
- Indirect speech এ said এর পরিবর্তে made an apology or apologized বসে। 
- Structure: subject + made an apology/ apologized
-  সে অনুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Faria made an apology.
৩২২.
He will return the money next week.(Make it Passive)
  1. The money will return by him next week.
  2. The money will be returned by him next week.
  3. He will be returned the money next week.
  4. The money has been returned by him next week.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: The money will be returned by him next week.
- Future Indefinite Tense এর Voice Change এর ক্ষেত্রে shall be /will be এর পর Verb এর past Participle বসিয়ে passive voice করতে হয়।

Future Indefinite Tense এর Voice Change এর নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object Passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Auxiliary verb হিসেবে shall be/will be বসবে
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসবে
- তারপর by+ active voice এর subject এর Object form বসবে. 

ক) The money will return to him next week.
- Future Indefinite Tense এর Voice Change এর ক্ষেত্রে shall be /will be এর পর Verb এর past Participle বসিয়ে passive voice করতে হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) He will be returned the money next week. 
- Voice Change এর ক্ষেত্রে active voice এর Object কে Passive voice এর Subject এ পরিণত করতে হয়।তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) The money has been returned by him next week.
- Future Indefinite Tense এর Voice Change এর ক্ষেত্রে shall be /will be এর পর Verb এর past Participle বসিয়ে passive voice করতে হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৩২৩.
Rahat said, "I must go there." (Make it Indirect)
  1. Rahat said he must have to go there.
  2. Rahat said that he must go there.
  3. Rahat said he had to go there.
  4. Rahat said that he had to go there.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Direct: Rahat said, "I must go there."
Indirect: Rahat said that he had to go there.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৩২৪.
He said to me, "Where were you born?'' (Make indirect)
  1. He asked me where I had been born.
  2. He asked me where I were born.
  3. He asked me whether I had born.
  4. He wanted to know where I were born.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: He said to me, "Where were you born?''
- Indirect: He asked me where I had been born.

• Interrogative sentence -এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” -এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject বসবে।
- Direct speech টি- past indefinite tense ("were born") -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past perfect tense ("had been born") -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

More examples:
- Direct speech: He said to me, "What were you planning for the weekend?"
- Indirect speech: He asked me what I had been planning for the weekend.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৩২৫.
Whom do you help? (Change into active voice)
  1. Whom is helped by you?
  2. Who is helped by you?
  3. By whom is helped by you?
  4. Who has been  helped by you?
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: Who is helped by you?

Whom যুক্ত interrogative sentence-এর Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
-প্রথমে Whom-এর পরিবর্তে Who বসাতে হবে।
- বাক্যের Subject এবং Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল Verb-এর Past Participle ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- শেষে by যোগ করে Active Voice-এর Subject-এর Object Form যোগ করতে হবে।
- বাক্যটি Question Mark (?) দিয়ে শেষ করতে হবে।
- Structure: Who + auxiliary verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + verb-এর past participle + by+ object +"?" mark.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain

৩২৬.
Do you understand the instructions? [Passive]
  1. Were the instructions understood by you?
  2. Did the instructions understood by you?
  3. Are the instructions understood by you?
  4. Are the instructions understand by you?
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: Do you understand the instructions?
Passive: Are the instructions understood by you?

• Active voice কে Passive voice- এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর object‌ টি Passive voice এর subject হয়,
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb,
- মূল verb এর past participle,
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এর object হয় এবং তার পূর্বে Preposition (By, with, at, to ,in) বসে।
- আর known এর পর preposition to ব্যবহৃত হয়।

৩২৭.
He said, "Alas! The majestic oak tree has fallen in the storm."
  1. He exclaimed with sorrow the majestic oak tree had fallen in the storm.
  2. He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree has fallen in the storm.
  3. He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree will have fallen in the storm.
  4. He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree had fallen in the storm.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said, "Alas! The majestic oak tree has fallen in the storm."
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree had fallen in the storm.

• Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, direct speech থেকে indirect speech:
→ Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "exclaimed/exclaimed with joy" আর দুঃখ বুঝালে "exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief" হয়।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
→ reported speech এর Subject বসে।
→ Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
→ very/great বসবে।
→ adjective বসবে।
→ বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩২৮.
Make it passive: Do they know the rules?
  1. Are the rule known to them?
  2. Are the rules know to them?
  3. Are the rules known to them?
  4. Are the rules being known to them?
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: Do they know the rules?
Passive: Are the rules known to them?

• Active voice কে Passive voice- এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর object‌ টি Passive voice এর subject হয়,
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb,
- মূল verb এর past participle,
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এর object হয় এবং তার পূর্বে Preposition (By, with, at, to ,in) বসে।
- আর known এর পর preposition to ব্যবহৃত হয়।

বিকল্পগুলো:

ক) Are the rule known to them? → singular rule ব্যবহার হয়েছে, ভুল।
খ) Are the rules know to them? → know past participle নয়, ভুল।
ঘ) Are the rules being known to them? → continuous passive, এখানে প্রয়োজন নেই → ভুল।

৩২৯.
'Iron is the most useful metal.' - The positive form of the sentence is -
  1. ক) Very few metals are as useful as iron.
  2. খ) Iron is more useful than any other metal.
  3. গ) Iron is as useful as many other metals.
  4. ঘ) No metal is as useful as iron.
ব্যাখ্যা
• The most - যুক্ত superlative degree  বাক্যকে positive করতে No + Superlative degree এর পরবর্তী অংশ + verb + as + superlative degree এর positive form + as + subject হয়।
• তাই সঠিক উত্তর হবে -  No metal is as useful as iron. 
৩৩০.
Which one is the correct passive sentence? He made me buy the book.
  1. I was made buying the book.
  2. I was made to buy the book.
  3. The book was bought by him.
  4. I was bought the book by him.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Need, bid, dare, make, hear, feel, let, know, behold, watch ইত্যাদি verb গুলোর পর Active voice এর উহ্য থাকে। 
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পর 'to' বসে। 

Active: He made me buy the book.
Passive: I was made to buy the book.

- এখানে Active voice এ 'made' থাকায় passive করার সময় 'to' বসবে। 

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition.

৩৩১.
The teacher said to the student, "Don't tell a lie." (make it indirect)
  1. The teacher advised the student not to tell a lie.
  2. The teacher told the student not to tell a lie.
  3. The teacher asked the student not to tell a lie.
  4. The teacher ordered the student not to tell a lie.
ব্যাখ্যা

Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/ command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Imperative sentence টি যদি Negative হয় তবে Reporting verb এরপর not বসে।
- তারপর to বসে।
- reported speech এর মুল verb থাকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

Direct speech: The teacher said to the student, "Don't tell a lie."
Indirect speech: The teacher advised the student not to tell a lie.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৩২.
Every disaster-affected victim has been compensated by the government. (Active)
  1. The government had compensated every disaster-affected victim.
  2. The government has compensated every disaster-affected victim.
  3. The government has been compensating every disaster-affected victim.
  4. The government have been compensating every disaster-affected victim.
ব্যাখ্যা
Passive Voice: Every disaster-affected victim has been compensated by the government. 
Active Voice: The government has compensated every disaster-affected victim.  (অপশন 'খ')

• Present perfect tense যুক্ত Passive Voice কে Active Voice করার নিয়ম - 
→ প্রদও বাক্যটি paasive form- এ রয়েছে। 
→ active voice- এ রূপান্তর করার সময় প্রথমে 'by' এর পরে object = the government, active voice- এ subject রূপে বসেছে।
→ by উঠে গেছে।
→ passive voice- এ auxiliary verb = has been, active voice- এ subject = The government- এর পর 'has' হিসেবে বসেছে। 
→ 'has' এর পর principal verb এর past participle form = compensated বসেছে।
→ passive voice এর subject = Every disaster-affected victim, active voice- এ object হিসেবে বসেছে।
৩৩৩.
He said to me, ‘‘I dare not do it’. (Make it indirect)
  1. He told me that he dared not do it.
  2. He said that he had not dared do it.
  3. He told me if I dare did it.
  4. He asked me that he had not dared do it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Dare, make, let ইত্যাদি শব্দের পরে Verb-এর base form বসে।
- Reporting Verb, ‘said’ Past Indefinite Form এ আছে বলে Reported speech-এর dare শব্দটি Past Simple হবে
- Reporting Verb-এর Subject টি Third Person হলে, Reported Speech-এর Subject-টি Third Person হবে।
-  dare এর সাথে infinitive to এর ব্যবহার উহ্য থাকে।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক indirect speech হচ্ছে - He told me that he dared not do it.
৩৩৪.
The indirect form of: Mohan says, "The school will remain closed tomorrow."
  1. Mohan tells that the school would remain closed the next day.
  2. Mohan says that the school would remain closed the next day.
  3. Mohan says that the school will remain closed the next day.
  4. Mohan says that the school will be remain closed tomorrow.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: Mohan says, "The school will remain closed tomorrow."
- Indirect: Mohan says that the school will remain closed the next day.

​• Assertive sentence -এর Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech করা নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb টি present/future tense -এ থাকলে Reported speech -এর tense -এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তারপর Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- নৈকট্যবাচক শব্দ Indirect speech-এ দূরত্ববাচক শব্দে পরিবর্তিত হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৩৩৫.
The letters were delivered by the postman yesterday. (Make it active)
  1. The postman delivered the letters yesterday.
  2. The postman has delivered the letters yesterday.
  3. The letters delivered by the postman yesterday.
  4. The postman was delivering the letters yesterday.
ব্যাখ্যা

Passive voice কে Active voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এ Passive voice এর object টি subject হিসেবে বসবে।
- Active voice এর verb টি tense অনুযায়ী ব্যবহার হবে। (Passive এর verb: were delivered, Active এর verb: delivered হবে।)
- Passive voice এর subject (the letters) টি Active voice এ object হবে।
- Sentence এ অতিরিক্ত শব্দ/ structure পরিবর্তন করতে হবে না।
 
Passive voice: The letters were delivered by the postman yesterday.
Active voice: The postman delivered the letters yesterday.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৩৬.
She made him laugh. (make it passive)
  1. He was made to be laugh by her.
  2. He was made to laughed by her.
  3. He was made to being laugh by her.
  4. He was made to laugh by her.
ব্যাখ্যা
Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

Active Voice: She made him laugh.
Passive Voice: He was made to laugh by her.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৩৭.
The house was built in 1990. (Change the voice)
  1. The builders were built the house in 1990.
  2. The builders built the house in 1990.
  3. The builders was built the house in 1990.
  4. The builders being built the house in 1990.
ব্যাখ্যা
Passive Voice এ যদি by + Object না থাকলে Passive Voice কে Active voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 

• Passive Voice এ যদি by + Object না থাকে এবং verb টি যদি পেশা বা নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর সাথে Related কাজ হয় তাহলে ঐ পেশা জীবী বা ঐ নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর নাম Subject হিসেবে বসাতে হবে।

যেমন:
• Passive: Water was irrigated.
Active: Farmers irrigated water.

• Rome was not built in a day.
- The Romans did not build Rome in a day.

• She was born in 1996.
Active: Her mother bore her in 1996.

Passive: The house was built in 1990.
Active: The builders built the house in 1990.

Source: Live MCQ English Wizard.
৩৩৮.
The manager decided to hold a meeting. (make it passive)
  1. The manager decided that a meeting should held. 
  2. The manager decided that a meeting should be held. 
  3. The manager decided that a meeting should have held. 
  4. The manager decided that a meeting should be hold. 
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: The manager decided to hold a meeting.
Passive: The manager decided that a meeting should be held. 

• Agree/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decide/ demand + infinitive object যুক্ত Sentence কে Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject ও Verb বসবে।
- that বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের Object বসবে।
- should be বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৩৯.
Change into indirect speech:
The mother said to her son, "May you pass the admission test."
  1. The mother wish her son that he might pass the admission test.
  2. The mother said that he might pass the admission test.
  3. The mother wished her son that he might pass the admission test.
  4. The mother wished her son might pass the admission test.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech: The mother said to her son, "May you pass the admission test."
• Indirect speech: The mother wished her son that he might pass the admission test.

• Optative Sentence -এর speech পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Direct Narration -এ Optative sentence হলে তা Indirect করার সময় অর্থানুযায়ী Reporting Verb ‘wish/wished’ বা ‘pray/prayed’ হবে।
- Reported speech -এর পূর্বে linker হিসেবে 'that' বসবে।
- Direct Narration -এ Reporting Verb টি Past form -এ থাকলে Reported speech -এর may verb টি might -এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
- Optative sentence টি Assertive sentence -এ রূপান্তরিত হবে।
- অর্থাৎ, sub + মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

• Structure: Subject+ wish/wished + that + reported speech -এর subject + might + Verb + ext.

• Note: Reported Speech -এ শুভকামনা বুঝালে say/say to/said/said to -এর বদলে Indirect speech -এ wish/wished ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Indirect speech টি হলো- The mother wished her son that he might pass the admission test.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৩৪০.
The teacher said to the students, "May Allah bless you."
  1. The teacher wished that Allah might bless the students.
  2. The teacher wished that Allah might bless you.
  3. The teacher wished that Allah could bless the students.
  4. The teacher wished that Allah might be blessed the students.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Optative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে subject বসে।
- Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে wish বা pray বসে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর subject বসে।
- may / might বসে।
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

Direct: The teacher said to the students, "May Allah bless you." 
Indirect: The teacher wished that Allah might bless the students.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৪১.
They made her team leader. (Passive) 
  1. She was made team leader by them. 
  2. She made team leader by them.
  3. Team leader was made her by them. 
  4. She is made team leader by them.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Factitive object:
- Select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb গুলোর object থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণরূপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না।
- পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়।
- এইরূপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object বলে।

• Factitive object/complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রদত্ত Pronominal object-টি (me, us, you, them, him, her) / নামবাচক object টির Subject,
- tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে,
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে,
- Factitive object টি বসে,
- by বসে,
- Subject টির objective form বসে।

Active voice: They made her team leader.
Passive Voice: She was made team leader by them.

৩৪২.
The poor woman said, "Please give me some money."
  1. The poor woman request I give her some money.
  2. The poor woman requested to give me some money.
  3. The poor woman requested to give her some money.
  4. The poor woman told give me some money.
ব্যাখ্যা
Correct answer: The poor woman requested to give her some money.

- Direct Speech এ Reported speech যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে Indirect Narration এ পরিবর্তিত করার সময় লক্ষণীয় বিষয়গুলো হলো:
- Reported speech এর ভাব অনুযায়ী Reporting verb, say/said দ্বারা,
- আদেশ বোঝালে order/command,
- অনুরোধ বোঝালে request, উপদেশ বোঝালে advise,
- বিনীত প্রার্থনা বোঝালে beg,
- নিষেধ বোঝালে forbid এবং অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত tell দিয়ে পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠিয়ে to বসে এবং এরপর Reported speech এর মূল verb বসে।
- তবে Negative sentence এর not টি to এর আগে বসে।

Direct: The poor woman said, "Please give me some money."
Indirect: The poor woman requested to give her some money.

- অনুরোধ বুঝিয়েছে তাই said এর পরিবর্তে requested to বসেছে।
- Please উঠে গিয়েছে।
- me পরিবর্তিত হয়ে her হয়েছে।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.
৩৪৩.
We are anxious to complete the project on time. (make it passive)
  1. We are anxious that the project has to be completed on time.
  2. We are anxious that the project should be completed on time.
  3. The project should be completed on time by us.
  4. We should be completed the project on time.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Agree / be anxious / arrange / determine / be determined / decide / demand + infinitive object যুক্ত Sentence কে Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject ও Verb বসবে।
- that বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের Object বসবে।
- should be বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

• Active voice
: We are anxious to complete the project on time.
• Passive voice: We are anxious that the project should be completed on time.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৪৪.
We ought to follow the rules strictly. (Make it passive) 
  1. The rules ought to followed strictly by us.
  2. The rules ought to be follow strictly by us.
  3. The rules are ought to be followed strictly by us.
  4. The rules ought to be followed strictly by us.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মুল verb এর past participle বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active Voice: We ought to follow the rules strictly.
• Passive voice: The rules ought to be followed strictly by us.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৪৫.
Which one is the comparative form of objective?
  1. ক) Best
  2. খ) Worst
  3. গ) Bad
  4. ঘ) Worse
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে -
ক) Best - superlative 
খ) Worst - superlative 
গ) Bad - Positive
ঘ) Worse - comparative
- সুতরাং, সঠিক উত্তর হবে - Worse.
৩৪৬.
Choose the correct sentence.
  1. Of the four books, the green one is cheaper.
  2. Of the two boys, Shayan is the most intelligent.
  3. This one is best than the two.
  4. Rosy is the elder of the two sisters.
ব্যাখ্যা
• উল্লিখিত বাক্যগুলোর মধ্যে সঠিক বাক্যটি হচ্ছে - Rosy is the elder of the two sisters.
- সাধারণত comparative degree এর পূর্বে the বসেনা।
- কিন্তু যখন দুইটি ব্যাক্তি বা বস্তুর মাঝে যেকোনো একটি দোষ বা গুন বলা হয়, তখন comparative degree এর পূর্বে the এবং পরে of বসে।
- এক্ষেত্রে বাক্যের শুরুতে অথবা comparative degree এর পর of the + two nouns এর উল্লেখ থাকে।

• অন্যদিকে, 
•  দু'য়ের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝালে adjective এর comparative form হয়।
- কিন্তু এর বেশি হলে superlative form ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
ক) বাক্যটি ভুল কারণ এই বাক্যে - চারটি বইয়ের মধ্যে একটিকে বেছে নেয়া হয়েছে বা তুলনা করা হয়েছে।
- যেহেতু দুইয়ের অধিক - তাই superlative হবে।
- সুতরাং,সঠিক বাক্যটি Of the four books, the green one is the ceapest.

• Cheap - (adjective) - সুলভ; সস্তা।
- এর comparative হচ্ছে cheaper.
- Superlative  হচ্ছে cheapest.

খ) বাক্যে দুইটি বালকের মধ্যে তুলনা করা হচ্ছে , তাই এর structure হচ্ছে -
- Of + the + two + plural noun +comma + subject + verb + comparative degree.
- সঠিক বাক্য - Of the two boys, Shayan is more intelligent.

গ) বাক্যে দুজনের মধ্যে তুলনা নির্দেশ করছে, তাই best এর পরিবর্তে better হবে।
- সঠিক বাক্য - This one is better than the two.
৩৪৭.
The New York Times says, 'We have found it'. (Make it indirect)
  1. The New York Times exclaimed that they have found it.
  2. The New York Times says that it has found it.
  3. The New York Times said that had found it.
  4. The New York Times said that they have found it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Reporting speech এ we থাকলে, তা যদি ব্যক্তি বা মানব জাতিকে না বুঝিয়ে Editorial বা পত্রিকা বিষয়ক/ সম্পাদকীয় বোঝায়, তবে we এর পরিবর্তে indirect speech এ it হবে। 

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: The New York Times says, 'We have found it'.
Indirect: The New York Times says that it has found it.
৩৪৮.
‘The Captain ordered the soldiers to march on'- বাক্যটিতে direct speech হবে-
  1. ক) The Captain asked "Soldiers, I ask you to march".
  2. খ) The Captain said to the soldiers, "Please march on".
  3. গ) The Captain said, "Soldiers, I ask you to march on".
  4. ঘ) The Captain said to the soldiers, "March on".
ব্যাখ্যা
• ‘The captain ordered the soldiers to march on' এই বাক্যটি হচ্ছে একটি imperative sentence. 
- কারণ imperative sentence দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ ইত্যাদি নির্দেশ করে এবং প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাক্যে order করা হয়েছে। অর্থাৎ, আদেশ প্রদান করা হয়েছে। 
- তাই Direct speech এর reported speech টি Imperative sentence হবে, কিন্তু এতে asked বা please বসবে না।
- soldiers দের বলা হচ্ছে বিধায় reporting verb টি হবে said to.

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - The Captain said to the soldiers, "March on".
৩৪৯.
Choose the indirect speech: He said, “How beautiful the college is!”
  1. ক) He exclaimed with joy that the college was very beautiful.
  2. খ) He exclaimed with joy that the college was beautiful.
  3. গ) He cried out that the college was beautiful.
  4. ঘ) He exclaimed with joy that the college is beautiful.
ব্যাখ্যা

How/what যুক্ত exclamatory sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার নিয়ম:
গঠন : Sub+ reporting verb (অর্থানুসারে)+ that + exclamatory sentence টাকে একটি ‍assertive sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে। (how এবং what কে ফেলে দিতে হবে)

বি: দ্র: Person ও tense পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। এবং sentence টি what/ how দ্বারা শুরু হলে ইহার পরিবর্তে noun এর পূর্বে great এবং adjective এর পূর্বে very বসে ।

Direct: He said, “How costly the mobile is!”
Indirect: He wondered that the mobile was very costly.
Note:- costly হল adjective তাই how এর পরিবর্তে very বসেছে।

Direct: Robiul said, “How beautiful the bird is!”
Indirect: Robiul exclaimed with joy that the bird was very beautiful.
অপশন ‍a ও b এর গঠণ প্রায় এক। অপশন b তে adjective এর পূর্বে Very না থাকায় অপশন ‍b উত্তর না হয়ে অপশন ‍a উত্তর হবে।
অপশন c তে reporting verb এবং ‍adjective এর পূর্বে very উল্লেখ না করার কারণে উত্তর হবে না।
অপশন d তে tense এর ভুল এবং ‍adjective এর পূর্বে very উল্লেখ না করার কারণে উত্তর হবে না।

৩৫০.
Kabir said, "I must write a letter." বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে—
  1. ক) Kabir said that he would write a letter
  2. খ) Kabir told that he should write a letter
  3. গ) Kabir told that he will have to write a letter
  4. ঘ) Kabir said that he had to write a letter
ব্যাখ্যা
সাধারণত must, ought to এবং should-এর মতো modal auxiliary গুলির কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না, যদিও কখনো কখনো must এর জায়গায় had to বসে এবং should এর জায়গায় subject এর person পরিবর্তন অনুযায়ী would বসে। 
যথা:
Direct: Kabir said, "I must write a letter."
Indirect: Kabir said that he had to write a letter.

Source: Applied English Grammar & Composition by P.C. Das
৩৫১.
He said, "Let the children play outside." (Make it indirect)
  1. He proposed that the children could play outside.
  2. He told that the children can play outside.
  3. He suggested that the children may play outside.
  4. He said that the children might play outside.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said, "Let the children play outside."
Indirect Speech: He said that the children might play outside.

• Let যুক্ত imperative sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Reported Speech-টি যদি Let's/ Let us দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে তা কোন প্রস্তাব বুঝায়।
- Let এর পর me, him, them থাকলে প্রস্তাব বুঝাবে না

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
-  Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে  that বসে + Reported Verb এর subject পুনরায় বসে + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত হয়। 

• Structure:
- Subject + প্রদত্ত  Reporting verb + object যদি থাকে + that + Reported speech এর subject + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Example:
Direct Speech: She said, "Let me explain the situation."
Indirect Speech: She said that I might explain the situation.

Direct Speech: We said, "Let them know about the change."
Indirect Speech: We said that we might know about the change.
৩৫২.
Urmi says she did not go there. (Make it direct)
  1. Urmi said, 'I did not go there'.
  2. Urmi says, 'I did not go there'.
  3. Urmi says, 'I did not went there'.
  4. Urmi said, 'I did not went there'.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Indirect কে Direct Speechকরার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং that উঠে যায়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• উল্লিখিত বাক্যের repoting verb says -present tense এ আছে তাই Direct এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে,
- Person/subject পরিবর্তন হয় 'I' হবে।
- বাকি সব ঠিক থাকবে।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - 
Indirect: Urmi says she did not go there. 
Direct: Urmi says, 'I did not go there'.
৩৫৩.
Choose the right indirect speech:
He said, "I cannot help you at present because I am myself in difficulty."
  1. He said that I cannot help you at present because I myself in difficulty.
  2. He said that he could not help me at present because he was himself in difficulty.
  3. He told that he could not help you at present because he was himself in difficulty.
  4. He asked that he could not help you at present because he was himself in difficulty.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। 

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায় সাধারণত Reporting verb যদি past indefinite tense এ থাকে, তবে reporting speech টি present indefinite tense এ থাকলে indirect speech এ তা past indefinite হবে।

Direct: He said, "I cannot help you at present because I am myself in difficulty."
Indirect: He said that he could not help me at present because he was himself in difficulty.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury & Hussain.

৩৫৪.
Who solved the problem? (make it passive)
  1. By whom has the problem solved?
  2. By whom were the problem solved?
  3. By whom have the problem solved?
  4. By whom was the problem solved?
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: Who solved the problem?
Passive: By whom was the problem solved?
- Active voice-টি Past Indefinite Tense-এ আছে তাই এখানে was এর পর মূল verb এর past participle বসবে।

• Who যুক্ত Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার সময়-
- Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে।
- Tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary বসে।
- Object টির Subject রূপ বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে।
- প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।
- Structure: By whom + was/were + object + verb-এর P.P?

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৫৫.
She was anxious to meet her favorite author. (make it passive)
  1. She was anxious that her favorite author should be meet.
  2. She was anxious that her favorite author was met.
  3. She was anxious that her favorite author had met.
  4. She was anxious that her favorite author should be met.
ব্যাখ্যা
Agree / be anxious / arrange / determine / be determined / decide / demand + infinitive object যুক্ত sentence কে active voice কে passive voice করার নিয়ম
- প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject ও verb বসবে।
- that বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের object বসবে।
- should be বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

Active voice: She was anxious to meet her favorite author.
Passive voice: She was anxious that her favorite author should be met.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৫৬.
She said, "Oh no! The prices of vegetables are increasing sharply due to the recent floods." 
Select the correct indirect narration.
  1. She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods. 
  2. She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables are increasing sharply due to the recent floods. 
  3. She exclaimed with sorrow the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods. 
  4. She exclaimed that the prices of vegetables had been increasing sharply due to the recent floods. 
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods.

- Direct Narration: She said, "Oh no! The prices of vegetables are increasing sharply due to the recent floods." 

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Direct narration টি Exclamatory sentence এর হলে,
- Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়: 
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow বসে। 
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে। 
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- Direct speech এর Tense- Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন হয়। 
- Adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।  

- Indirect Narration: She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods.

৩৫৭.
People in Egypt speak Arabic. (Passive)
  1. Arabic is spoken in egypt.
  2. In egypt Arabic is spoken.
  3. Arabic is spoken in Egypt.
  4. Arabic is being spoken by people in Egypt.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: People in Egypt speak Arabic.
Passive Voice: Arabic is spoken in Egypt.

• Present indefinite tense যুক্ত Active Voice কে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম - 
→ প্রথমে object = Arabic, passive voice- এ subject = Arabic রূপে বসেছে।
→ Passive voice- এ subject = Arabic এর পর active voice- এর tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb = is বসেছে।
→ 'is' এরপর principal verb- এর past participle form = spoken বসেছে।
→ spoken এরপর in Egypt = optional extension হিসেবে বসেছে।
→ এরপর by + people ঊহ্য রাখা হয়েছে।
৩৫৮.
He said, "I must leave now." (Change the speech)
  1. He said that he had to leave now.
  2. He said that he must leave now.
  3. He said that he has to leave now.
  4. He said that he had to leave then.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct speech: He said, "I must leave now."
Indirect speech: He said that he had to leave then. 
------------- 
•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Dicect speech- এ 'this' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'that' বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, "I must complete this project
Indirect: Ruhi said that she had to finish that project.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৫৯.
Change the following sentence to Indirect Speech:
We were told, the match had already started when she arrived.
  1. ক) We were told the match had already started when she arrived.
  2. খ) We were told the match had already started when she had arrived.
  3. গ) We were told the match had already been started when she arrived.
  4. ঘ) We were told the match already started when she had arrived.
ব্যাখ্যা
Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে Direct sentence এ past perfect tense এ থাকলে Indirect form এ past perfect tense ই হয়।
আবার, past indefinite tense এ থাকলেও সেটা past perfect tense হয়।
সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর - খ) We were told the match had already started when she had arrived.
৩৬০.
The Al Jazeera says, 'We have found it'. (Make it indirect)
  1. The Al Jazeera said that had found it.
  2. The Al Jazeera exclaimed that they have found it.
  3. The Al Jazeera said that they have found it.
  4. The Al Jazeera says that it has found it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Reporting speech এ we থাকলে, তা যদি ব্যক্তি বা মানব জাতিকে না বুঝিয়ে Editorial বা পত্রিকা বিষয়ক/ সম্পাদকীয় বোঝায়, তবে we এর পরিবর্তে indirect speech এ it হবে। 

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: The Al Jazeera says, 'We have found it'.
Indirect: The Al Jazeera says that it has found it.

Source: English Wizard Lecture.
৩৬১.
Akash said to me, "Where were you born?" (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) Akash enquired me where i was born.
  2. খ) Akash wanted to know where i was born.
  3. গ) Akash asked me where I had been born.
  4. ঘ) Akash asked me where did I born.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative sentence এর narration -
- said to এর পরিবর্তে asked হবে
- WH question থাকলে reporting speech এ কমা উঠে গিয়ে WH question  হবে।
- reporting verb এর subject অনুসারে reporting speech এর sub এর পরিবর্তন হবে।
- reporting speech past indefinite tense এ থাকলে Indirect speech এ Reported speech পরিবর্তিত হয়ে past perfect tense এ হবে।
- Reported speech যদি Interrogative Pronoun (Who, Whom, Whose, What, Which ইত্যাদি) বা Interrogative Adverb (Why, How, Where ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তবে if/whether বসে না, ঐ word টিই বসে।
• এক্ষেত্রেও sentence টির Assertive form বসে।
- এই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে Akash asked me where I had been born.
৩৬২.
‘Who will help you?’’ – বাক্যটির সঠিক পরিবর্তিত voice হবে-
  1. ক) By whom will you be helped?
  2. খ) By whom you will be helped?
  3. গ) By whom would you be helped?
  4. ঘ) By whom you would be helped?
ব্যাখ্যা
Who দ্বারা শুরু হওয়া বাক্যের passive form এর শুরু হয় By Whom দ্বারা এরপর Will + obj + be + verb এর পর past particle + extension.
সুতরাং, নিয়ামানুযায়ী সঠিক বাক্য হবে-
By whom will you be helped?
৩৬৩.
The indirect speech of, The stranger said to me, ''could you help me?''
  1. The stranger said to me if I could help him
  2. The stranger told me that I could help him
  3. The stranger asked me if I might help him
  4. The stranger asked me if I could help him
ব্যাখ্যা
কোনো sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার সময় Auxiliary verb দ্বারা question করলে reporting verb টি ask হয় আর reported speech টি affirmative করার জন্য if/whether দ্বারা শুরু করতে হয়।
৩৬৪.
Which one is the superlative degree?
  1. ক) Nigh
  2. খ) Fore
  3. গ) First
  4. ঘ) Later
ব্যাখ্যা
এখানে সঠিক উত্তরটি হলো - first.

- First হলো fore এর superlative form
Fore - former - foremost, first

প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাকি অপশন গুলো:
- Nigh [ positive degree]
   Bangla meaning - কাছাকাছি; নিকটে
   Comparative: Nigher
   Superlative: nighest, next

- Fore [positive degree]
  Bangla meaning: সম্মুখে অবস্থিত
  Comparative- former
  Superlative: foremost, first

- Later [comparative degree]
  Positive: late
  Superlative: latest, last

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain
৩৬৫.
Mary said to him, "Are you coming tomorrow?"
  1. Mary asked him if he is coming tomorrow.
  2. Mary asked him whether he was coming the next day.
  3. Mary asked him if he was coming tomorrow.
  4. Mary asked him whether he is coming the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম: 
i) Reporting verb টি 'ask'/ 'enquire of'/ 'want to know' ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়। 
ii) Reported Speech যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয়, তবে Reported speech এর পূর্বে that না বসে if/whether বসাতে হয়। 
iii) Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive sentence- এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। 

Structure: Subject + ask/enquire of + object (যদি থাকে) + if/whether + Reported speech এর subject + verb (Tense অনুসারে) + বাকী অংশ। 

Direct: Mary said to him, "Are you coming tomorrow?"
Indirect: Mary asked him whether he was coming the next day.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৬৬.
Change the direct narration to indirect narration:
"Please don't go away", she said.
  1. She told me to go away.
  2. She requested me not to go away.
  3. She begged that I not go away.
  4. She said to please her and not go away.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর খ) She requested me not to go away.

Direct Speech: "Please don't go away," she said.
Indirect Speech: She requested me not to go away.

Imperative sentence -এর voice পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
Reporting Verb: "said" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "requested" হবে, অনুরোধ করায়।
- "don't go" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "not to go" হবে।

Structure: Subject + requested + object + not to + verb + rest of the sentence.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৬৭.
He bade his relatives good bye. (make it direct)
  1. He said, "Good-bye my relatives." 
  2. He asked, "Good-bye my relatives." 
  3. He said, "Good-bye his relatives." 
  4. "Good-bye my relatives." 
  5. None
ব্যাখ্যা

• Good-bye / Farewell যুক্ত sentence- এ Indirect speech কে Direct speech করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর Subject বসে।
- bade এর পরিবর্তে said বসে।
- কমা (,) ব্যবহার হবে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শুরু।
- Good-bye বসে।
- object বসবে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শেষ।

Indirect: He bade his relatives good bye.
Direct: He said, "Good-bye my relatives.”

৩৬৮.
Identify the correct passive form:
‘Do not close the window.’
  1. Let not the window close.
  2. Let not the window closed.
  3. Let not window closed.
  4. Let not the window be closed.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Do not close the window.
Passive Voice: Let not the window be closed.
 
Imperative Sentence কে Passive Voice করতে হলে –
i) বাক্যের শুরুতে Let বসে। 
ii) Active Voice এ Do not থাকলে Passive Voice এ শুধু not বসে।
iii) Active Voice এর Object – Subject এর স্থানে বসে।
iv) be বসে।
v) মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।
৩৬৯.
He said, "What a beautiful sunset!" (Make it indirect)
  1. He said that what a beautiful sunset it was.
  2. He fie with joy that what a beautiful sunset it was.
  3. He wondered with joy that it is a beautiful sunset.
  4. He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sunset.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said, "What a beautiful sunset!"
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sunset.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Reported speech টি How বা What দ্বারা শুরু হলে অর্থাৎ, বাক্যের শুরুতে আতিশয্য বুঝালে Indirect Narration করার সময় - - - How বা What এর পরিবর্তে very, much, great ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- said এর পরিবর্তে exclaimed ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- এরপর কমার (,) বদলে that বসবে।
- Exclamatory Sentence টি Assertive Sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- বাক্যে subject না থাকায় It কে subject হিসাবে ধরে নিতে হবে। 
- reporting verb past tense থাকলে reported speech এর verb হবে  past tense এ।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক, Indirect speech টি হবে - He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sunset.
৩৭০.
The students were taking notes. (Make it passive)
  1. Notes were been taken by the students.
  2. Notes were taken by the students.
  3. Notes being taken by the students.
  4. Notes were being taken by the students.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Past Continuous Tense এর Active voice থেকে Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Object টির subjective form + was being/were being + মূল verb এর past participle + by + subject এর objective form.
 
সুতরাং,
Active Voice: The students were taking notes. 
Passive Voice: Notes were being taken by the students.
৩৭১.
People say that practice makes perfect. (Change the voice)
  1. It is said by the people practice makes perfect.
  2. It is said that practice makes perfect.
  3. It is said that it is practice makes perfect.
  4. It is said by the people that practice makes perfect.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Compound Sentence এবং Complex Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে Active voice-এর উভয় clause-কে একই voice-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
- Active Voice People say দিয়ে শুরু হলে passive voice It is said দিয়ে শুরু করা হয়।

• Active voice এ people + stative verb (know, think, understand, know, find, say, etc) + that + clause থাকলে, passive করার নিয়ম হচ্ছে - 
- It is /was (tense অনুযায়ী) + said + that + বাকি clause (যা আছে তাই) টি।

যেমন:
• Active: People say that teamwork makes the dream work.
• Passive: It is said that teamwork makes the dream work.

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 

Active: People say that practice makes perfect.
Passive: It is said that practice makes perfect.
৩৭২.
He said that he had seen him long before. (Make it direct)
  1. He said, “I saw him long ago.”
  2. He said, “I have seen him long before.”
  3. He said, “I did see him long ago.”
  4. He said, “I had seen him long before.”
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure: 
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.

- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে -
- Indirect: He said that he had seen him long before.
- Direct: He said, “I saw him long ago.”
৩৭৩.
They could solve the problem. (passive)
  1. The problem could solved by them.
  2. The problem can be solved by them.
  3. The problem could be solved by them.
  4. The problem could be solving by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct sentence is - গ) The problem could be solved by them.
Act: They could solve the problem.
Pass: The problem could be solved by them.

PASSIVE VOICE OF VERBS PRECEDED BY Can, may, should, would etc.
- Verb এর আগে auxiliary verb হিসাবে can, could, should, would, must ইত্যাদি থাকলে শুধু verb অংশের passive গঠনটি হবে can/could/should/would/must+be+V(p.p.)

Examples:
Act: I can do it.
Pass: It can be done by me.

Act: You must eat the mango.
Pass: The mango must be eaten by you.

Act: He would sing good songs in his boyhood.
Pass: Good songs would be sung by him in his boyhood.

Act: She should love her husband.
Pass: Her husband should be loved by her.

Act: They may use this tubewell.
Pass: This tubewell may be used by them.

Act: Man can eat everything.
Pass: Everything can be eaten by man.

Other options
ক) The problem could solved by them.
- বাক্যটি ভুল; "could" এর পরে "be" থাকা বাধ্যতামূলক।

খ) The problem can be solved by them.
- "can" এবং "could" আলাদা modal।

ঘ) The problem could be solving by them.
- বাক্যটি ভুল; "solving" continuous form, যা modal passive এ ব্যবহৃত হয় না।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৭৪.
The passive form of: The coach made the team practice longer.
  1. The team has been made to practice longer by the coach.
  2. The team is made to practice longer by the coach.
  3. The team was made to practice longer by the coach.
  4. The team was made practice longer by the coach.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Active: The coach made the team practice longer.
- Passive: The team was made to practice longer by the coach.

• Need, bid, dare, let, make, know, hear, feel, behold, watch ইত্যাদি verb গুলোর পর Active voice এর ‘to’ উহ্য থাকে। 
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পর 'to' বসে। 
• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Object -কে Subject করতে হবে।
-  Tense ও subject অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb (was) বসে।
- তারপর মূল Verb -এর Past Participle বসবে।
- তারপর Active voice -এ  উহ্য থাকা to বসবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- শেষে by + Active voice -এর Subject টি Object হবে।

More examples:
- Active: The officer made the suspects wait outside.
- Passive: The suspects were made to wait outside by the officer.

- Active: Our parents made us study hard.
- Passive: We were made to study hard by our parents.

৩৭৫.
In each of the following questions, a sentence has been given in Active voice. Out of the four alternatives suggested select the one which best expresses the same sentence in Passive voice (Qs. 31-32).
I am to make it.
  1. It can be made by me.
  2. It is to be made by me.
  3. It has to be made by me.
  4. It is to made by me.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Active Voice কে Passive Voice করতে হলে সাধারণত ৫টি কাজ করতে হয়।
১. Object → Subject হবে আর Subject -> Object হবে।
২. যদি কোন Auxiliary Verb থাকে, তাহলে সেটা বসবে।
৩. অতিরিক্ত একটি be verb বসবে।
৪. মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসবে।
৫. একটি Preposition (by / to / with / at/in) বসবে।

• Active voice এ Be Verb যে রকম Passive এ Be Verb সেরকম বসাতে হয়।

• অতিরিক্ত Be Verb বসানোর নিয়ম:
- মূল Verb এর আগে যদি to অথবা কোন Modal Auxiliary (যেমন can, may, shall, will ইত্যাদি) থাকে তাহলে অতিরিক্ত be verb হিসেবে "be" বসাতে হবে।
যেমন-

Active: I am to make it.
Passive: It is to be made by me.

Source: Live MCQ English Wizard.

৩৭৬.
Akash said to me, "I came yesterday." (Make it indirect)
  1. Akash said to me that he had came the previous day.
  2. Akash told to me that he had come the previous day.
  3. Akash said that he had come the previous day.
  4. Akash told me that he had come the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হব

• Direct speech এ said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Akash told me that he had come the previous day.
৩৭৭.
I said to her, "Friend, help me." (Indirect)
  1. Addressing her friend, I asked her to help me.
  2. Addressing her as a friend, I requested her to help me.
  3. I requested her to help me.
  4. I asked her for help.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Imperative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নীচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- Addressing বসবে
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) 
- as বসে
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে
- Reporting verb বসবে
- to বসবে
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি + Reporting verb এর subject +  Reporting verb + to + Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Direct: I said to her, "Friend, help me."
Indirect: Addressing her as a friend, I requested her to help me.
৩৭৮.
Cumilla is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh. (Make it positive)
  1. ক) Very few cities in Bangladesh is as big as Cumilla.
  2. খ) Very few city in Bangladesh are as bigger as Cumilla.
  3. গ) Very few cities in Bangladesh are as big as Cumilla.
  4. ঘ) Very few cities in Bangladesh are as bigger as Cumilla.
ব্যাখ্যা
- প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যের Positive Degree হচ্ছে Very few cities in Bangladesh are as big as Cumilla.

• Superlative degree তে one of the থাকলে Positive degree তে very few হয়।
Superlative to Positive: Very few + plural noun + plural verb + as + positive degree + as + subject.

Example:
Superlative Degree: Cumilla is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.
Positive Degree: Very few cities in Bangladesh are as big as Cumilla.

Superlative Degree: Dhaka is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh.
Positive Degree: Very few cities in Bangladesh are as big as Dhaka.
৩৭৯.
We heard them singing a song. (make it passive)
  1. They were heard singing a song by us.
  2. They are heard singing a song by us.
  3. They were being heard singing a song by us.
  4. They were heard to singing a song by us.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active voice: We heard them singing a song.
Passive voice: They were heard singing a song by us.

• Object + Present participle যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ পরিবর্তনের সময়-
- Object টি Subject হয়,
- Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে,
- মূল verb-এর past participle বসে,
- Present participle যুক্ত অংশটি বসে,
- By বসে,
- Subject টির objective form বসে।
- অর্থাৎ, Present participle থেকে বাক্যের বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
- এক্ষেত্রে শুধু present participle এর পূর্ববর্তী বাক্যাংশের passive form হয়ে থাকে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৮০.
Sifat said to me, "Let him say whatever he likes." The correct indirect speech is -
  1. ক) Sifat said to me that let him say whatever he likes.
  2. খ) Sifat told to me that let him say whatever he likes.
  3. গ) Sifat told me that he might say whatever he liked.
  4. ঘ) Sifat said me that he might say whatever he liked.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে  That বসে + Reported Verb এর subject পুনরায় বসে + might+ reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত হয়। 

Structure: Subject +প্রদত্ত  Reporting verb + object যদি থাকে + that + Reported speech এর subject + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী, Sifat told me that he might say whatever he liked বাক্যটি সঠিক উত্তর।
৩৮১.
Which of the following sentences is correct?
  1. She is the most pretty girl in our class.
  2. She is the prettiest girl in our class.
  3. She is the most prettiest girl in our class.
  4. She is the prettyest girl in our class.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - খ) She is the prettiest girl in our class.

যদি adjective-এর শেষ অক্ষর হয় y এবং তার আগে থাকে consonant, তাহলে comparative ও superlative গঠনের সময় y বাদ দিয়ে (উচ্ছেদ করে) যথাক্রমে -ier ও -iest যোগ করতে হবে।

• Example 
Positive ---- Comparative ---- Superlative
She is a happy child. → She is happier than before. → She is the happiest in the group.
The weather is dry today. → The day after tomorrow will be drier. → This is the driest season.
He is a shy boy. → He looks shier now. → He is the shiest among his friends.

Other options
ক) She is the most pretty girl in our class.
বাক্যটি ভুল, কারণ: "pretty" একটি one-syllable adjective বা short adjective, তাই এর superlative form হয় "-est" যোগ করে।
"most pretty" ব্যবহার হয় না।

গ) She is the most prettiest girl in our class.
বাক্যটি ভুল, কারণ: "Most" + "prettiest" একসাথে ব্যবহার হয় না।
এটি double superlative হয়ে গেছে - যা grammar অনুযায়ী ভুল।

ঘ) She is the prettyest girl in our class.
বাক্যটি ভুল, কারণ: "pretty" → "prettiest", "y" বদলে "i" হয়, তারপর "-est" যোগ হয়।
"prettyest" spelling ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৮২.
Mina said, "I must visit my grandmother." [indirect]
  1. Mina said she have to visit her grandmother.
  2. Mina said that she had to visited her grandmother.
  3. Mina said that she must to visit her grandmother.
  4. Mina said that she had to visit her grandmother.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: Mina said, “I must visit my grandmother.”
Indirect: Mina said that she had to visit her grandmother.

• Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- তারপর যদি বাক্যটি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

- Reported speech-এ must থাকলে এবং reporting verb past tense-এর হলেও indirect speech-এ must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- আবার চিরকালীন বাধ্যতা না বোঝালে must-এর বদলে had to ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।

• Example: 
Dir: Kalim said, "I must go there."
Ind: Kalim said that he had to go there.

Dir: Rima said, "Kamal must have his car repaired."
Ind: Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৩৮৩.
The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has defeated the champions." (Make it indirect)
  1. The students exclaimed with grief that their team had defeated the champions.
  2. The students bade that their team had defeated the champions.
  3. The students exclaimed with joy that their team had defeated the champions.
  4. The students said that their team defeated the champions.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with joy বসে। (দুঃখ বুঝালে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/ great 
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Direct: The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has defeated the champions."
Indirect: The students exclaimed with joy that their team had defeated the champions.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৮৪.
Zinia called me a fool. (make it direct)
  1. Zinia said to me, 'You were a fool.'
  2. Zinia told me, 'You are a fool.'
  3. Zinia said to me, 'You are a fool.'
  4. Zinia says to me, 'You are a fool.'
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, 
- Indirect speech এ reported speech টি past indefinite এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা present indefinite এ হবে।
- Indirect speech এ called me থাকলে direct speech এ তা said to হয়।
- তারপর কমা বসবে। 
- তারপর inverted comma এর ভিতর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Correct answer: Zinia said to me, 'You are a fool.'
৩৮৫.
He said, ''The train reached at nine.'' What is the correct indirect form of the sentence?
  1. He said that the train has reached at nine.
  2. He said that the train reaches at nine.
  3. He said that the train had reached at nine.
  4. He said that train has reached at nine.
ব্যাখ্যা
• The correct indirect form of the sentence is: He said that the train had reached at nine.
------------------------- 
∗ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct Speech এর Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech এ Past Perfect Tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

তাই, সঠিক উত্তর - He said that the train had reached at nine.
৩৮৬.
Change into indirect speech:
"Have you finished your homework, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me.
  1. A soft voice from my behind asked me if I have finished my homework.
  2. Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked whether you finished your homework.
  3. A soft voice told me as his son and asked me if I had finished my homework.
  4. Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I had finished my homework.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: "Have you finished your homework, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me.
- Indirect: Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I had finished my homework.

• Interrogative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নিচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- প্রথমে Addressing বসবে।
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as বসবে।
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে,
- Reporting verb (asked) বসবে,
- if/whether বসবে (Yes/No question এর জন্য),
- Reported speech টি (present perfect tense → past perfect tense) Assertive form -এ বসবে।

• More Example:
- Direct: "Are you feeling better, my child?" said the doctor.
- Indirect: Addressing me as his child, the doctor asked if I was feeling better.

৩৮৭.
The landowner said to the guard, "Did you lock the gate?"
Change into indirect speech:
  1. The landowner asked the guard if he had locked the gate.
  2. The landowner asked the guard if he locked the gate.
  3. The landowner asked the guard if he been locked the gate.
  4. The landowner asked the guard if he had been locking the gate.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The landowner said to the guard, "Did you lock the gate?"
- Indirect: The landowner asked the guard if he had locked the gate.

Narration -এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, Interrogative sentence- এর narration পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb এর subject বসে এবং
- Reporting verb "said” এর পরিবর্তে প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে asked বসে।
- Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech এর subject বসবে।
- Reported speech এর 'subject' 2nd person (You) সবসময় Reporting verb এর object এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।

- তারপর Direct narration - এ Reported speech-এর verb যদি past indefinite tense থাকে তাহলে Indirect
narration - এ তা past perfect tense হবে।
তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (if/whether) + Reported speech - এর
subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৩৮৮.
Raju is taller than Babu. (positive)
  1. Babu is taller than Raju.
  2. Babu is so tall as Raju.
  3. Raju is not so tall as Babu.
  4. Babu is not so tall as Raju.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - ঘ) Babu is not so tall as Raju.

• Comparative Degree থেকে Positive Degree করার ক্ষেত্রে,
যখন মাত্র দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়, Comparative Degree-এর বাক্য হয়:
NP1 + be + Adj. (comparative) + than + NP2 (এখানে, NP মানে হলো Noun Phrase)
যেমন:
Raju is taller than Babu.

তার Positive Degree হবে:
NP2 + be + not + so + Adj. + as + NP1
যেমন:
Babu is not so tall as Raju.

• Example:
Comp.: Raju is taller than Babu.
Pos.: Babu is not so tall as Raju.

• More examples:
Comp.: Dina is wiser than Rina.
Pos.: Rina is not so wise as Dina.

Comp. : Bashar is cleverer than Bashet.
Pos.: Bashet is not so clever as Basher.

Comp.: Bithi is taller than Eti.
Pos.: Eti is not so tall as Bithi.

Comp.: Shagar is more attentive than Moti.
Pos.: Moti is not so attentive as shagar.

Comp.: Biva is more beautiful than Eva.
Pos.: Eva is not so beautiful as Biva.

Comp.: Mamun is more intelligent than Mahmud.
Pos.: Mahmud is not so intelligent as Mamun.

Other options:
ক) Babu is taller than Raju.
- ভুল। এটা আবার Comparative Degree-র বাক্য, Positive Degree নয়।

খ) Babu is so tall as Raju.
- ভুল। Positive Degree রূপান্তরে “not so ... as” কাঠামো লাগে, “so ... as” নয়। এই বাক্যটা অসম্পূর্ণ বা অর্থবহ নয়।

গ) Raju is not so tall as Babu.
- ভুল। এখানে যারা তুলনামূলক কম, তাকে প্রথমে বলা উচিত, অর্থাৎ Babu এর কথা বলা উচিত, কারণ Positive Degree-তে কম গুণের দিক থেকে বলা হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৮৯.
Change the speech -
The old professor said, "All living things eventually experience death."
  1. The old professor said that all living things eventually experience death.
  2. The old professor said that all living things eventually experienced death.
  3. The old professor said that all living things will eventually experience death.
  4. The old professor said that all living things eventually will experience death.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reporting speech যদি কোন চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য (habitual fact) প্রকাশ করে তাহলে reporting verb- এর tense যাই হোক না কেন, reported speech- এর verb- এর tense- এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। 
- All living things eventually experience death. একটি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth). 

Direct Speech: The old professor said, "All living things eventually experience death."
Indirect Speech: The old professor said that all living things eventually experience death.

• এ ধরণের আরো কিছু উদাহরণ: 
Direct Speech: Mina said, "Every day I read newspapers." (অভ্যাসগত সত্য)
Indirect Speech: Mina said that every day she reads newspapers. 

Direct Speech: The professor said, "A hungry man wants food." (চিরন্তন সত্য)
Indirect Speech: The professor said that a hungry man wants food. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৯০.
It is impossible to do this. [passive]
  1. Doing this is impossible
  2. This can't be done.
  3. This is impossible to be done.
  4. This is must be done.
ব্যাখ্যা

[৩৮তম বিসিএস প্রিলিমিনারি]

• Active: It is impossible to do this.

• Passive: This can't be done.

• এই কাঠামো যুক্ত passive voice-এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণ নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয় না। 
- এগুলো একটু ব্যতিক্রম নিয়মে passive voice করতে হয়।

• এটা ভাবার্থের বিচারে Passive Voice করতে হবে। 
- This is impossible to be done. সঠিক মনে হলেও সঠিক নয়। 
- কারণ নিয়মানুযায়ী Adjective (Impossible) এর পর Passive Form এ কখনো infinitive to বসে না।
- তাই This is impossible to be done - উত্তর হবে না।

অপশনগুলোর বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Doing this is impossible → এটি active voice-এই রয়েছে, passive হয়নি।

গ) This is impossible to be done. → grammatically ভুল, "to be done" এখানে ব্যবহার হয় না।

ঘ) This is must be done. → ভুল, "must be done" মানে "করতেই হবে" যা "impossible" এর বিপরীত অর্থ
"is must" - grammatically ভুল structure.

৩৯১.
Choose the correct indirect speech- She asked me, 'Are you happy in your new job?' 
  1. She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
  2. She asked me if I have been happy in my new job.
  3. She asked me whether I am happy in my new job.
  4. She asked me if I had been happy in my new job.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

•  উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present indefinite tense এ রয়েছে।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past indefinite tense হবে।

• সঠিক উত্তর হবে -
Direct: She asked me, ‘Are you happy in your new job?
Indirect: She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
৩৯২.
Father said to his son, "Have you finished your homework?"(make it indirect)
  1. Father told his son if he have finished his homework.
  2. Father asked his son if he had finished his homework.
  3. Father told his son if he had finished his homework.
  4. Father asked his son if he have finished his homework.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: Father said to his son, "Have you finished your homework?"
Indirect speech: Father asked his son if he had finished his homework.
 
• Interrogative এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে Reporting verb এর Subject বসে। 
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে পরিবর্তিত হয়ে tense অনুযায়ী ask/asked বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই "Wh" question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Direct speech এর Tense- Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন হয়। 
- বাকি অংশ বসবে। 

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৯৩.
Direct Speech: The captain said to the players, "Work hard. Do not lose your focus."
Select the correct indirect speech form:
  1. The captain told the players that they should work hard and they should not lose their focus.
  2. The captain advised the players to work hard and not to lose their focus.
  3. The captain ordered the players that they must work hard and must not lose their focus.
  4. The captain asked the players if they were working hard and not losing their focus.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) The captain advised the players to work hard and not to lose their focus.

• Imperative Sentence কে Indirect Narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reported speech -এর অর্থানুসারে Reporting Verb -এর পরিবর্তন হবে:
- এক্ষেত্রে "said to" পরিবর্তিত হবে "advised" হবে, কারণ captain তার players দের উপদেশ দিচ্ছেন।
- Affirmative বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Imperative -এর verb -এর পূর্বে to বসে এবং negative বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Imperative -এর verb -এর পূর্বে not to বসে।
- দুইটি sentence থাকলে and দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।

দুইটি imperative clause থাকলে → and দিয়ে যুক্ত হয়।

Direct Speech: The captain said to the players, "Work hard. Do not lose your focus."
Indirect Speech: The captain advised the players to work hard and not to lose their focus.

৩৯৪.
নিচের কোনটি Positive Degree?
  1. Deeper
  2. Richest
  3. Bold
  4. Happier
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে Bold শব্দটি Positive Degree তে রয়েছে।

• bold (adjective) (bolder, boldest) ১ সাহসী; দুর্দান্ত; দুর্দমনীয়; প্রবল; দুঃসাহসিক; সপ্রতিভ; উচ্চাভিলাষী

Options,
- Deeper: Deeper হলো Deep এর comparative form, deepest হলো superlative.
- Richest: Rich এর superlative form 'Richest', Comparative form 'Richer'.
- Happier: happy এর comparative form Happier, superlative form 'happiest'.
৩৯৫.
Very few players in the team are as skilled as Karim. (make it superlative)
  1. Karim is one of the most skilled players in the team.
  2. Karim is the most skilled players in the team.
  3. Karim is most of the skilled players in the team.
  4. Karim is one than the most skilled players in the team.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Very few যুক্ত Positive Degree কে Superlative Degree তে রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রদত্ত Sentence টির শেষের Subject প্রথমে বসে।
- verb বসে।
- one of the বসে।
- Positive Degree এর Superlative form বসে।
- Very few এরপর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

Structure: প্রদত্ত Sentence টির শেষের Subject প্রথমে বসে + verb + one of the + Positive Degree এর Superlative form + Very few এরপর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• Positive Degree: Very few players in the team are as skilled as Karim.
• Superlative Degree: Karim is one of the most skilled players in the team.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৯৬.
He said, "Can you sing?" And I said, "No".
  1. He asked me that could I sing and I refused.
  2. He asked me if I could sing and I said that I couldn't.
  3. I denied, when he asked me if l could sing.
  4. He asked me if I could sing and I said no.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech এর বাক্যটি ছিল - He said, "Can you sing?" And I said, "No".
Indirect Speech এ এই বাক্যটি রূপান্তর করার সময় বাক্যের মূল ভাব ধরে রাখা আবশ্যক।
এখানে, প্রথম ব্যক্তি একটি প্রশ্ন করেছেন এবং দ্বিতীয় ব্যক্তি তা নাকচ করেছেন। 

Option গুলো বিশ্লেষণ করলে -

ক) He asked me that could I sing and I refused.
- এটি সঠিক নয় কারণ এখানে 'that' শব্দের প্রয়োগ এবং grammatical structure ভুল। 'Asked' শব্দটি সঠিক কিন্তু প্রশ্ন রূপান্তরে 'if' বা 'whether' ব্যবহার করা উচিত।

খ) He asked me if I could sing and I said that I couldn't.
- এটি সঠিক এবং সুসংগত কারণ এটি সরাসরি প্রশ্নকে 'if' দিয়ে indirect এ transform করেছে এবং উত্তরদাতার না বলার ঘটনাকে সঠিকভাবে "I said that I couldn't" ব্যবহার করে প্রকাশ করেছে।

গ) I denied, when he asked me if l could sing.
 - এখানে 'denied' শব্দের ব্যবহার বাক্যের 'No' বলার ভঙ্গিকে সঠিকভাবে প্রকাশ করতে পারে না।

ঘ) He asked me if I could sing and I said no.
- এখানে পরোক্ষ বক্তব্যে 'I said no' এর পরিবর্তে 'I said that I couldn't' ব্যবহার করা উচিত ছিল।

বিশ্লেষণের ভিত্তিতে, খ) অপশনই সবচেয়ে সঠিক এবং complete transformation প্রদান করে, কারণ এটি প্রশ্ন এবং উত্তর দুটোকেই সঠিক indirect speech আকারে প্রকাশ করে।
৩৯৭.
Change the narration-
The teacher says, 'Rose smells sweet'.
  1. ক) The teacher said that rose smells sweet.
  2. খ) The teacher says that rose smells sweet.
  3. গ) Rose smells sweet is said by teacher.
  4. ঘ) Rose smells sweet was said by teacher .
ব্যাখ্যা
Reporting verb “says” present tense এ আছে; এবং reported speech “Rose smells sweet” চিরন্তন সত্য বাক্য। তাই Indirect speech এ বাক্যটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর The teacher says that rose smells sweet.
৩৯৮.
John made us laugh. (make it passive)
  1. We were made to laughed by John.
  2. We were made to laugh by John.
  3. We were made to laughing by John.
  4. We were made to be laughed by John.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

• Active Voice: John made us laugh.
• Passive Voice: We were made to laugh by John.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৯৯.
Do not open the door. (make it passive)
  1. Let not the door be opened.
  2. Let not the door opened.
  3. Let not the door be open.
  4. Let not the door being opened.
ব্যাখ্যা
Do not দ্বারা sentence শুরু হলে active voice থেকে passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Passive voice টি Let not দিয়ে শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। (যদি থাকে)

Active voice: Do not open the door.
Passive voice: Let not the door be opened.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪০০.
Who will build the bridge? [Passive]
  1. By whom will the bridge be built?
  2. By whom will the bridge being built?
  3. By whom will the bridge been built?
  4. By whom will the bridge have built?
ব্যাখ্যা

• Who যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে।
- Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসাতে হয়। 
- Object টি Subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে  be/being/been বসাতে হয়। 
- মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।
- সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। 

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Active: Who will build the bridge?
Passive: By whom will the bridge be built?

Example:
Active: Who will help you?
Passive: By whom will you be helped?
Active: Who is helping her?
Passive: By whom is she being helped?
Active: Who has broken the glasses?
Passive: By whom have the glasses been broken?