Anatomy

Typical sweat glands are of the merocrine variety. Their number and size vary in the skin over different parts of the body. They are most numerous in the palms and soles, the forehead and scalp, and the axillae.

Only IgG can cross placenta

***Wall of splenic sinusoids does not have pericytes or smooth muscle cells. Elongated endothelial cells called stave cells line the splenic sinusoids.

Fate of notochord -Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

Sinusoidal capillaries have some gaps between the adjacent endothelial cells (and a thin or absent basement membrane). The gaps are large enough for plasma proteins and some cells to pass through.

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-438

Explanation: Capacitation involves removing the glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins from the head of the sperm, exposing the acrosome and allowing the acrosome reaction to occur. Capacitation occurs within the female genital tract, and without its occurrence, fertilization could not occur.

Explanation: also transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon.

Autophagy is the function of lysosome.

(Ref: medical examination review anatomy P:52)

"Langhans" type of giant cell is found in 

Lysosomes can digest material into the cell from its environment by phagocytosis. Hence they are known as the suicidal bags of the cell.

Site of spermatogenesis in male- Seminiferous tubule

The barriers of an oocyte are
1. First barrier is formed by cells of corona radiata
2. Second barrier is formed by zona pellucida made of glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3.
3. Third barrier is formed by vitelline membrane of oocyte itself

Pulmonary surfeactant is secreted by type-II alveolar cells (Type-II pneumocytes)
Critical components of the surfactant layer include the phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol, and four surfactant proteins.

Uniaxial- elbow
Biaxial- wrist
Multiaxial- shoulder/hip

Functions of centriole/centrosome:
1. Centrosome initiate formation of microtubules.
2. Centrosome forms mitotic spindle.
3. Centrosome provides basal bodies for cilia and flagella.
4. Centrioles self-replicate just before cell division.

About 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix is inorganic materials. Calcium hydroxyapatite is most abundant, but bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions are also found. Significant quantities of noncrystalline calcium phosphate are also present. The surface of hydroxyapatite crystals is hydrated, facilitating the exchange of ions between the mineral and body fluids.

(Ref: medical examination review anatomy P:52)

A characteristic feature of the pineal gland is the presence of variously sized concretions of calcium and magnesium salts called corpora arenacea, or brain sand, formed by mineralization of extracellular protein deposits.

Nerves directly related to humerus
Three nerves are closely related to the humerus and susceptible to injury following fracture/dislocation of the corresponding parts
a. Axillary nerve around the surgical neck
b. Radial nerve in the radial/spiral groove
c. Ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle

The parathyroid glands are four small nodules normally embedded in the capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

[Ref. BD Chaurasia 4th Vol.]

Most of the cell contain single nucleus except
– RBCs and platelets do not have nuclei
– Striated muscle cells are multinucleated
– Few hepatocytes and transitional epithelial cells are binucleated

Septum transversum gives rise to central tendon of the diaphragm & fibrous pericardium.