স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

Explanation: P. vivax and P. ovale may persist in liver cells as dormant forms, hypnozoites, capable of developing into merozoites months or years later.

Reference: Ganong 26th; Table-2.1

Explanation:

Common organism of meningitis in neonate is E. coli

Explanation: Niacin Deficiency – pellagra, Thiamin Deficiency – beri-beri

Protooncogene is converted to oncogene by translocation

DKA is the most serious acute complication of type 1 diabetes, marked by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis due to insulin deficiency. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is more common in type 2, hypoglycemia is a treatment complication, and lactic acidosis is rare and linked to metformin.

Conduction velocity:
1. It is the speed at which motor and sensory impulses traverse a given segment of nerve (meter/sec)
2. Larger axons & proximal segments conduct faster than smaller ones & distal segments.
3. New born infant's nerves have slower velocities than adult.
4. CV in UL is faster than in LL
In elderly there is slowing of conduction,
in local tissue temperature slows CV.

QRS complexes with variable peaks that appear to twist around the isoelectric line characterize torsades de pointes (TDP).

• Predisposing risk factors for TDP include congenital channelopathies, severe bradycardia, drugs, and hypokalemia.

• Drug-induced TDP is of major concern because it can be life threatening; class IA/III antiarrhythmic agents, antipsychotics, antibiotics, and antihistamines are among the list of drugs that are noted to destabilize repolarization.

Anosmia refers to total loss of sensation of smell, i.e. inability to recognize or detect any odor.

Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection by acting on mammary gland

Septum transversum gives rise to central tendon of the diaphragm & fibrous pericardium.

Keloid is excess production of scar tissue that is out of proportion to the wound

Explanation: proteus produces swarming growth. & produces alkaline urine that leads to stone formation.

Metabolic features:
1.  Dilutional hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.
2.  Marked insulin sensitivity and hypoglycemia.
3.  Renal salt and water loss, hypotension & weight loss.
4.  Hyperpigmentation of skin and buccal mucosa (due to increased ACTH following decreased cortisol).
5.  Adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis)
It is the state of acute adrenocortical insufficiency in patients with Addison’s disease who are exposed to the stressful conditions like infection, trauma surgery, vomiting, diarrhoea etc. Patients become confused, disoriented and eventually develop severe hypotension and shock.

Ref: ABC 6th/P-510

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-889
Explanation: On liver biopsy, the characteristics early features of PSC are periductal ‘onion skin’ fibrosis and inflammation.

Presence of nitrite in urine indicates presence of bacteria in urine since some bacteria convert nitrate into nitrite in urine.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-588
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Saline/ Chloride responsive:  Associated with hypovolemia and  responds to N/S infusion

•Ingestion of Alkaline Drugs
•GIT Cause
•Diuretic administration

Explanation:
Atrial systole initiates cardiac cycle because the sinus node (pacemaker) of the heart is located in the right atrium.

Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, most commonly leads to amoebic liver abscess as an extraintestinal complication. This occurs when trophozoites invade the portal vein, causing abscesses in the liver, typically presenting with fever, right upper quadrant pain, and hepatomegaly. Other extraintestinal sites like the brain or lung are rare

 Functions of ACTH:
1.  Growth of adrenal cortex.
2.  Stimulation of glucocorticoid secretion.
3.  Mild stimulation of adrenal androgen secretion.
4.Stimulates melanocytes and causes skin pigmentation

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-862
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

[Ref. Junquira 15th, 62]

Respiratory gases pass through the alveolar capillary membrane by passive diffusion.

When the body is at rest, approximately 70% of the blood moves through the systemic circulation, about 18% through the pulmonary circulation, and 12% through the heart.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-620

Explanation :
ECG findings in acute MI -
ST elevation ( most accurate) 
Also, ST depration
   T inversion.

Hormones that counteract the action of insulin Diabetogenic hormones:
1.  Glucagon
2.  Cortisol
3.  Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
4.  Growth hormone
5.  Thyroid hormone

Explanation: RDT-Malaria, NS1-Dengue, rK39 for Kala-azar

Ancylostoma duodenale passes thrpugh lung in its life cycle

Sandfly is vector for kala-azar

Explanation: Pelvis bones show reliable sexual dimorphism even in skeletonized remains. (Ref: Reddy, Identification of Sex in Skeletons)

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-419

The Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh, is the highest appellate court in the country. It serves as the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases, with appellate review authority over judgments of the High Court Division.

The P wave is primarily produced by atrial depolarization, the QRS complex is dominated by ventricular depolarization, and the T wave by ventricular repolarization.

Non capsular Organisms - Cryptosporidium spp.

Explanation: Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease

Explanation :
Complications of peptic ulcer disease -
Bleeding (15-20%) 
Perforation (5%)
Obstruction (2%)

All of 3 & inhibin are ovarian hormone

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 718
Explanation : keshan’s disease ( cardiomyopathy in children ) occurs due to selenium deficiency .

The renal artery enters the kidney through the hilum and then branches progressively to form the interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries (also called radial arteries), and afferent arterioles, which lead to the glomerular capillaries, where large amounts of fluid and solutes (except the plasma proteins) are filtered to begin urine formation.

Mitral stenosis is the most common long-term cardiac complication of rheumatic fever. Davidson describes that rheumatic fever causes inflammation and scarring of the heart valves, particularly the mitral valve, leading to progressive narrowing. Harrison adds that untreated or recurrent rheumatic fever increases the risk of chronic rheumatic heart disease, often manifesting years after the initial infection.

Astrocytoma is commonest glial tumour

Ref: Davidson 23rd; P- 941

Ref: Davidson 23rd; P-1004 , box : 24.34

The limiting pH of urine is 4.5

Rheumatic heart disease as the most common cause of mitral stenosis, particularly in developing countries, due to post-streptococcal inflammation leading to valve scarring. Congenital malformation (b) is rare, infective endocarditis (c) may cause regurgitation rather than stenosis, and degenerative calcification (d) is more associated with aortic stenosis in the elderly.

1. Euchromatin:
- It is a partially condensed and less coiled 
- It is more active and lightly stained
- It is expressed during interphase
- Prominent in metabolically active cells
 
2. Heterochromatin:
- It is a condensed and more coiled 
- It is inactive and darkly stained (intensely basophilic in light microscope)
- It does not express during interphase
- Example: Sex chromatin (Barr body), chromatin in circulating lymphocyte

• Torpor (noun) [uncountable noun, countable noun]
English Meaning: The state of not being active and having no energy or enthusiasm.
Bangla Meaning: অসাড় অবস্থা।
   
Synonyms: Apathy (উদাসীনতা; অনীহা), Idleness (আলস্য; আলসেমি), Lethargy (আলস্য; তন্দ্রা), Numbness (অসাড়তা), Spiritlessness (নির্জীবতা)।
Antonyms: Vigour (তেজ; বলবত্তা), Energy (কর্মশক্তি), Animation (সজীবতা; প্রাণচঞ্চলতা), Live (প্রাণবন্ত), Heartiness (আন্তরিকতা)।

• অন্য অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে - 
• Tacit (adjective)
English Meaning: Understood without being expressed directly.
Bangla Meaning: অনুক্ত; নীরব; মৌন; মানস: tacit consent, মানসানুজ্ঞা: tacit agreement, নীরব/মৌনসম্মতি।

• Tortuous (adjective)
English Meaning: Full of twists and turns; not straight or direct.
Bangla Meaning: আঁকাবাঁকা: a tortuous path; (লাক্ষণিক) জটিল, প্যাঁচানো: a tortuous man.

• Toady (Noun)
English Meaning: A person who is too kind or shows too much respect towards somebody more important in order to gain their favour or help.
Bangla Meaning: হীন মোসাহেব; চাটুকার।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-859
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Explanation -
Painless haematuria :
Glomerulonephritis 
Tumors of the kidney,ureter,bladder or prostate
Tuberculosis
Interstitial nephritis
Coagulation disorder

Painful haematuria :
Urinary tract infections
Renal calculi
Loin pain haematuria syndrome