স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

Silvery scale is found in psoriasis

Explanation: All are the causes of bradycardia, Option A, B, D are pathological cause.

• Lymphadenitis is the most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, usually occurring in the cervical region (“scrofula”).

Membranous segmental glomerulosclerosis is not a primary nephrotic syndrome

Nerves directly related to humerus
Three nerves are closely related to the humerus and susceptible to injury following fracture/dislocation of the corresponding parts
a. Axillary nerve around the surgical neck
b. Radial nerve in the radial/spiral groove
c. Ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle

The other cortical cell types are local circuit interneurons and are classified based on their shape, pattern of projection, and neurotransmitter. Inhibitory interneurons (basket cells and chandelier cells) release GABA as their neurotransmitter. Basket cells have long axonal endings that surround the soma of pyramidal neurons; they account for most inhibitory synapses on the pyramidal soma and dendrites. Chandelier cells are a powerful source of inhibition of pyramidal neurons because their axonal endings terminate

exclusively on the initial segment of the pyramidal cell axon. Their terminal boutons form short vertical rows that resemble candlesticks, thus accounting for their name. Spiny stellate cells are excitatory neurons that release glutamate; these multipolar interneurons are located primarily in layer IV and are a major recipient of sensory information arising from the thalamus.

In addition to being organized into layers, the cerebral cortex is also organized into columns. Neurons within a column have similar response properties, suggesting they comprise a local processing network (eg, orientation and ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex).

Explanation :

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Figure- 169.1)

Explanation : Neurons of dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata form the second order neurons of auditory pathway.
Ref : Sembulingum 6th edition (Page- 1013)

Ref: Davidson 23rd; P-971

Isolated systolic hypertension: 
1. Calcium channel blockers (dihydropyridine)
2. Thiazides or thiazide-like diuretics

Explanation: Heparin, particularly low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), is the primary treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Davidson explains that heparin acts by potentiating antithrombin III, leading to the inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa. Harrison adds that anticoagulation is continued with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for long-term management to prevent recurrence.

Spinal Nerve:
1.They are 31 Pairs
2. Formed by Union of anterior and Posterior Nerve roots
3.The posterior ramus contains both motor and sensory axons
4. The anterior ramus contains only motor axons

Snell 8th -128

The parathyroid glands are four small nodules normally embedded in the capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

[Ref. BD Chaurasia 4th Vol.]

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-51(Box-3.8).

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-658 , box : 18.28

Medial geniculate Body is the-
-Relay station for auditory pulse

Explanation: IgE is associated with B.asthma.

Explanations: Glycophorin & anion exchange protein are integral protein of RBC membrane protein.

Type II (proximal) RTA is characterized  by
•Hypokalemia
•Hyperphosphaturia
•Aminoaciduria
•Glycosuria
•Rickets and osteomalacia
•Failure to thrive

Movement of the diaphragm accounts for 75% of the change in intrathoracic volume during quiet inspiration. Attached around the bottom of the thoracic cage, this muscle arches over the liver and moves downward like a piston when it contracts. The distance it moves ranges from 1.5 cm to as much as 7 cm with deep inspiration.

Explanation: Pityriasis versicolor is a persistent, superficial skin condition caused by various species of the commensal yeast Malassezia, most commonly Malassezia globosa, but sometimes M. sympadialis or M. furfur

Glucocorticoid secretion unaffected
-High potassium intake
-Low sodium intake
-Constriction of inferior vena cava in thorax
-Standing
-Secondary hyperaldosteronism (In some cases of congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome)

Explanation :
Factors associated with PUD -
H.pylori
OCP
Smoking
Alcohol
Drugs - NSAID
Psychological

Explanation :
IgM is the only immunoglobulin can become monomer or pentamer.

Explanations: ‘O’ group has no antigen & AB group has no antibody.

Hypothyroidism causes weight gain, all other disorder in the option causes weight loss

When hunger contractions occur in the stomach, the person sometimes experiences mild pain in the pit of the stomach, called hunger pangs.

Most of the cell contain single nucleus except
– RBCs and platelets do not have nuclei
– Striated muscle cells are multinucleated
– Few hepatocytes and transitional epithelial cells are binucleated

According to the NIH, the following desired values are used to measure an overall lipid profile:

LDL: Less than 160 mg/dL (if you have heart disease or diabetes, less than 100 mg/dL)
HDL: Greater than 40–60 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 10–150 mg/dL

Dominant leukocyte in pus is neutrophil

Explanation :
Causes of mirocytic hypochromic anaemia :
Iron deficiency anaemia 
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease.

The average blood volume of adults is about 7% of body weight, or about 5 litres. About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is red blood cells, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on sex, weight, and other factors.

Amplitude of pulse pressure in the corta is directly to-

  Stroke volume
  velocity of blood flow
  Elasticity of vessel
  Raised in old age

Bile acid metabolism
1. Site- Liver
2. Compartment- Cytoplasm
3. Rate limiting enzyme- 7-a- hydroxylase
4. No ATP is produced/used


ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 205

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-514

Septum transversum gives rise to central tendon of the diaphragm & fibrous pericardium.

Explanation :
Frequencies -
VSD - 42%
ASD - 10%

Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, by decreasing the resorption of calcium from bones. Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular hyperexcitability, resulting in hypocalcemic tetany. Normally, tetany occurs when plasma calcium level falls below 6 mg/dL from its normal value of 9.4 mg/dL.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-839
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Explanation: Pancytopenia is the dominant feature, with granulocytopenia and monocytosis

Explanation:
Ejection click: an ejection click sound occurs immediately following the first heart sound. The sudden opening of a deformed but mobile aortic or pulmonary valve produces the ejection click.

Portal hypertension leads to collateral formation, especially esophageal varices, which can bleed massively

Stem Breakdown:

Episodic headaches, palpitations, and sweating: These are the classic "triad" of symptoms for pheochromocytoma, a catecholamine-secreting tumor.
Consistently elevated blood pressure: Pheochromocytoma often causes paroxysmal or sustained hypertension.
Increased metanephrines and normetanephrines in urine: These are metabolites of catecholamines and are diagnostic for pheochromocytoma.
Option Analysis:

A) Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism can cause palpitations and sweating, but it typically does not cause paroxysmal hypertension or elevated metanephrines.
B) Pheochromocytoma: This is the correct diagnosis. Davidson and Harrison explain that pheochromocytoma is a rare adrenal tumor that secretes excess catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), leading to episodic symptoms of headache, palpitations, sweating, and hypertension. Elevated urine or plasma metanephrines confirm the diagnosis.
C) Primary hyperaldosteronism: Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome) causes hypertension and hypokalemia due to excess aldosterone, but it does not cause episodic symptoms or elevated catecholamine metabolites.
D) Cushing’s syndrome: Cushing’s syndrome can cause hypertension due to excess cortisol, but it is associated with other features such as weight gain, moon face, and purple striae. It also does not cause elevated metanephrines.

Arachidonic acid derived mediators are called eicosanoids