স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

Explanation : Lateral nucleus of hypothalamus acts as feeding centre & Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus acts as satiety centre.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 149.2)

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Page: 634, Box: 18.3

Explanation : Diencephalon includes thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, metathalamus.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 758)

PCT has maximum capacity of reabsorption. Most of the reabsorption takes place here.

A positive tuberculin test signifies T-cell–mediated immunity to mycobacterial antigens but does not differentiate between infection and active disease.

Explanation: please see question 45

Explanation :
Clinical features of cirthosis of liver -
Jaundice
Ascitis
Hepatomegaly
Spider nevi
Gynaecomastia
Loss of libido

Explanation :
DNA -
a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning and growth.
Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
Purin base - Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine base - Cytosine,Thymine,Uracil

Appendicular artery is the branch of ileocolic artery.

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Page: 760 , Box : 20.41

Median nerve compression at the wrist causes carpal tunnel syndrome, often due to repetitive strain

Explanation: Oculomotor nerve is ithe 3rd Cranial nerve

HCl activates pepsinogen to active pepsin.

Medial geniculate body involve in hearing.

Birth defect, congenital malformation, and congenital anomaly are synonymous terms used to describe structural, behavioral, functional, and metabolic
disorders present at birth.

Susceptibility to teratogens varies with the developmental stage at the time of exposure. The most sensitive period for inducing birth defects is the third to eighth weeks of gestation, the period of embryogenesis. 

CCF causes tender hepatomegaly

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-799

Va/Q is infinity : No perfusion but ventilation remains normal.
Causes:
1. Embolism
2. Emphysema
3.Bronchiectasis

Number of blastomeres in Morula – 16

60% of TBW is fluid where 40% is ICF & 20 is ECF

Explanation: Syphilis is caused by infection, through abrasions in the skin or mucous membranes, with the spirochaete Treponema pallidum.

Ref: Davidson 23rd; P-997

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-547

Composition of normal human pancreatic juice.
Cations: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ (pH approximately 8.0)
Anions: HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, HPO42-
Digestive enzymes -95% of protein in juice)
Other proteins

Features of right heart failure in COPD patient indicates Cor pulmonale

Cheeks & Lateral portion of upper lip are developed from maxillary prominence.

The interpeduncular fossa
infront by the optic chiasma,
behind by the antero-superior surface of the pons,
antero-laterally by the converging optic tracts,
postero-laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles.

Explanation :
Cardinal signs of right heart failure  -
Raised JVP
Ascities
Pitting oedema
Hepatomegaly

Cardinal signs of left heart failure :
Bilateral basal crepitation
Gallop rhythm
Pulsus alternans
Orthopnea

Reference: Langman’s 13th; P-40

Explanations:
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin value in range is 27-32pg & average 29pg.

The lung receives innervation from two main sources: the pulmonary plexus (a combination of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation) and the phrenic nerve. The pulmonary plexus is at the root of the lung and consists of efferent and afferent autonomic nerve fibers.

Mainly due to calcium influx

▶  due to slow long lasting ca²+- Na+

▶  coincides with ventricular systole

▶  Results in prolonged refractory period

Norepinephrine has shortest half-life.

Cardiac arrhythmias
Antipsychotic medications cause prolongation of the QTc interval, which may be associated with ventricular tachycardia, torsades de pointes and sudden death. If this occurs, treatment should be reviewed, with careful electrocardiographic monitoring and treatment of serious arrhythmias if necessary.

Larva of Ascariasis can be found in sputum

Infections are the leading cause of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as noted by Davidson. The immunosuppressive therapies used to control lupus, such as corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs, increase the risk of severe infections. Harrison adds that while renal failure was once a leading cause of mortality in SLE, advances in treatment have improved long-term outcomes, with cardiovascular complications and infections now being more common causes of death.

The Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) outlines the procedures for investigation, trial, bail, appeal, and witness summoning, including for medical experts. It also includes provisions for special proceedings, according to Laws of Bangladesh. The CrPC outlines the procedures for investigation, trial, bail, appeal, and witness summoning, including for medical experts.

Features of consolidation -
Crepitation
Bronchial breath sound

In Haemophilia CT, APTT prolonged. BT, PT normal.

Explanation :
Crohns disease -
Bowel region : Ileum + colon
Distribution : Skip lesion
Stricture present
Transmural inflammation 
Lymphoid reaction : Marked

Most important factors which keep the Liver in position is Hepatic veins

UC typically involves continuous inflammation starting from the rectum, unlike Crohn’s disease which has skip lesions and can affect any GI segment.

Ganong 26th Page 624
 

Myelinated Nerve Fibre:

1. The nerves that are insulated by a sheath or myelin called myelinated nere fibre.
2. These are made up of lipid & protein and so, appear white.
3. These have nodes of Ranvier which always constant in number.
4. Nerve fibres outside CNS and myelinated.

Non-Myelinated nerve fibre:
1. The nerves which lack such sheath are called non-myelinated nerve fibre.
2. They appear grey because of absence of myelin sheath.
3. They do not have node of Ranvier.
4. Post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves are non-myelinated.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by a persistent depressed mood or anhedonia for at least 2 weeks, along with several other symptoms (e.g., changes in appetite/weight, sleep disturbance, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, suicidal ideation). The duration of symptoms (6 weeks) fits the diagnostic criteria for MDD.

Features of proximal acidification:
1. It is a high capcity system used for huge bicarbonate reabsorption mainly in PCT and partly in ALH (if HCO3- escape reabsorption in PCT).
2. Here secreted Ht from tubular cell is titrated in tubular fluid by filtered HCO3- for its reabsorption with no net loss of H+ from body and no net gain of HCO3- to blood. Merely proportional replacement of filtered HCO3- in blood occur by this mechanism.
3. Simply it helps to maintain the present bicarbonate status (alkali reserve) of body without urinary HCO3- loss. It does nothing to change the acid base status of body.
4. It does not create high luminal H+ concentration.
5. It creates a very low pH gradient by decreasing filtrate pH from 7.4 to 6.8.
6. It is important because it saves huge amount of HCO3- per day (about 4500 mmol) by preventing their urinary loss. Kidney cannot be in a position to excrete non volatile acid load without prior reabsorption of all filtered HCO3- because one HCO3- loss from the body is equivalent to one H+ gain to the body.

Davidson 23rd; P-1118

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-571

Ref: Davidson 23rd; P-974

Explanation :
Disposable syringe is sterilized by -
Ethylene oxide
Ionizing radiation. 

Membrane must be present.

Relative hypoxia ( Type 1 B Lactic Acidosis)
1.Seizure
2.Severe Exercise

ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 371

The ‘a’ wave corresponds to right atrial contraction and occurs just before the first heart sound.
In atrial fibrillation the ‘a’ wave is absent.

Macleod 14th/52

Pons & Cerebellum are formed from metencephalon

The clinical features of bone pain, muscle weakness, and fractures, combined with the laboratory findings of low calcium, low phosphate, and high alkaline phosphatase (indicating increased bone turnover), are classic for osteomalacia (adult form of rickets). This is primarily caused by Vitamin D deficiency, which impairs calcium and phosphate absorption and mineralization of bone matrix. Chronic kidney disease can impair Vitamin D activation, making it a common cause of osteomalacia.