Simple Sentence

PrepBank · পাতা ৪ / ৫ · ৩০১–৪০০ / ৪৫৭

৩০১.

The greater the demand, the higher the price. The simple form of the sentence is-

ক
Price increases in proportion to demand.
খ
Price increases in spite of demand.
গ
Demand increases in proportion to price.
ঘ
Price increases when demand rises.

ব্যাখ্যা

The +comparative degree + extension, the +comparative degree + extension এ ধরনের complex sentenceকে simple করার ক্ষেত্রে
‘Subject +increase/decrease/worsen/lessen + in proportion to + object’ এই structure টি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
উল্লেখ্য, ‘গ’ অপশনটি অর্থগতভাবে অসংগতিপূর্ন বলে সঠিক উত্তর নয়।

৩০২.

Choose the simple form of the sentence 'Stand here and die'

ক
ক) Standing here you will die
খ
খ) Stand here only to die .
গ
গ) Without standing here you will die.
ঘ
ঘ) As you stand here you will die.

ব্যাখ্যা

যদি compound sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে এবং যদি কাজ দুটো “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে, তবে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় প্রথম verb এর সাথে “ing” যোগ করে প্রথম clause টিকে সংক্ষিপ্ত করা হয়। যেমন-
Compound: I went there and met her.
Simple: Going there I met her.
Compound: Stand here and die.
Simple: Standing here you will die.

৩০৩.

Choose the simple sentence of- I knew that they were horribly expensive.

ক
ক) I knew and they were horribly expensive.
খ
খ) I knew them, but they were horribly expensive
গ
গ) They were horribly expensive
ঘ
ঘ) I knew them to be horribly expensive.

৩০৪.

Choose the correct simple sentence of: This is the needle with which she knits.

ক
ক) This is her knitting needle.
খ
খ) This is the needle the she uses for knitting
গ
গ) This is the needle for knitting
ঘ
ঘ) This needle can be used for knitting.

ব্যাখ্যা

এখানে ব্যাক্যটিতে subordinate clause এ Relative pronoun ''which'' object রুপে আছে৷ এ ধরনের ব্যাক্যকে simple করতে হলে subordinate clause টির verb কে ing যুক্ত করে Participle(knitting) হিসেবে ব্যাবহার করতে হবে৷ এবং Subordinate clause এর subjective pronoun(she) কে Simple sentence এ possessive pronoun(her) হিসেবে ব্যাবহার করতে হবে৷

৩০৫.

Which of the following sentences is the correct simple form of - “He worked hard and prospered in life”.

ক
ক) Working hard, he prospered in life.
খ
খ) By working hard, he prospered in life.
গ
গ) Because of working hard, he prospered in life.
ঘ
ঘ) All of these

ব্যাখ্যা

Compound থেকে Simple করতে হলে আগে দেখতে হবে Compound এর দুটি Clause এর মধ্যে সম্পর্ক কী রকম। নির্দিষ্ট সম্পর্ক অনুযায়ী, Compound থেকে Simple করতে হলে:
1. Compound এর Conjunction বাদ দিতে হবে;
2. Simple এর Preposition যোগ করতে হবে;
3. ২টি Clause এর মধ্যে ১টি Clause যেভাবে আছে সেভাবে রেখে দিতে হবে।

এখানে উভয় Clause এর সম্পর্ক হচ্ছে কারণ-ফলাফল। এ হিসেবে Because of যথাযথ। Past Tense এ By বসালেও অর্থ ঠিক থাকে। আবার Because of উহ্য রেখে শুধু Verb+ing দিয়েও কারণ-ফলাফল বুঝানো যায়। অতএব, তিনটি অপশনই সঠিক।

৩০৬.

If you work hard, you will get a promotion quickly. (Make it simple)

ক
By working hard, you will get a promotion quickly.
খ
Without working hard, you will get a promotion quickly.
গ
Without work hard, you will get a promotion quickly.
ঘ
Without hard working, you will get a promotion quickly.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex sentence এ যদি if clause টি negative থাকে, তা ‍simple sentence করতে Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause হয়।

Example:
Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.

আবার,
Complex sentence এ যদি if clause টি positive থাকে, তা ‍simple sentence করতে Without এর পরিবর্তে By+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause হয়।
অর্থাৎ, যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Example: ‍
Complex: If you work hard, you will get a promotion quickly.
Simple: By working hard, you will get a promotion quickly.

৩০৭.

Although she worked very hard, she did not succeed. (Make it simple)

ক
In spite of her very hard working, she did not succeed.
খ
Because of her working very hard, she did not succeed.
গ
In spite of her working very hard, she did not succeed.
ঘ
Despite of her working very hard, she did not succeed.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Complex: Although she worked very hard, she did not succeed.
- Simple: In spite of her working very hard, she did not succeed.

• Though/ Although যুক্ত Clause- টিতে মূল verb থাকে তখন Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/ In Spite of বসে।
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর possessive form বসে।
- মূল verb এর present form এর সাথে ing বসে।
- প্রদত্ত Sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসবে।

অন্যদিকে,
ক) In spite of her very hard working, she did not succeed.
- In spite of her এর পরে 'very hard working' ভুল, সঠিক হবে working very hard.

খ) Because of her working very hard, she did not succeed.
- বাক্যের meaning বদলে যায়, তাই ভুল।

ঘ) Despite of her working very hard, she did not succeed.
- শুধু Despite অথবা In spite of হবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩০৮.

The correct simple sentence is-

ক
I saw a man who was lame.
খ
I saw that he was reading.
গ
I saw him when he was reading.
ঘ
I saw him reading book.

ব্যাখ্যা

একটি simple sentence- এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে। অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে।
বাক্যে যে সকল verb এর subject এর number, person এবং tense পরিবর্তন করলে এর রূপ পরিবর্তিত হয় তাদেরকে finite verb বলে। কিন্তু রূপ পরিবর্তিত না হলে তাদেরকে non-finite verb বলে।
যেমন- I go to work closing the door. - He goes/is going to work closing the door.
এখানে go এর subject এর number, person এবং tense পরিবর্তন করায় go এর রূপ পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে।
তাই go হচ্ছে finite verb কিন্তু বাক্যে সবগুলাে ক্ষেত্রে work অপরিবর্তিত আছে বিধায় work হচ্ছে non-finite verb.
এ ছাড়া simple sentence এ সাধারণত In spite of, Despite, Because of, Owing to, too ---- to, enough ---- to.
present participle রূপে being, having , v+ing, By/without/Besides + v+ing ইত্যাদি থাকে।

৩০৯.

Change the following sentence into simple sentence: If you do not exercise regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.

ক
Without exercise regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
খ
Without exercising regularly, you will maintain good physical health.
গ
Exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
ঘ
Without exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.

ব্যাখ্যা

♦ Complex to simple এর সময়,

• If দ্বারা গঠিত শর্তমূলক না বোধক complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়ম :
- প্রথমে without বসে
- If clause এর মূল verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়
- ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে
- comma (,) বসে
- অপর clause টি বসে।
Example:
Complex: If you do not exercise regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
Simple: Without exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain

৩১০.

He woke up and it was raining. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) As soon as he woke up it was raining.
খ
খ) At the time of his waking up it was raining.
গ
গ) Just after his waking up it was raining.
ঘ
ঘ) It started raining as soon as he woke up.

ব্যাখ্যা

• ভিন্ন ভিন্ন Subject এবং And দ্বারা যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- At the time of + possessive + verb + ing …., Sub + বাকি clause টি।
- অথবা Sub+ having/ being +….. Sub + বাকি clause টি।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - At the time of his waking up it was raining.

৩১১.

The correct simple form of “Read attentively or you cannot pass the examination” is -

ক
ক) Without reading attentively, you cannot pass the examination.
খ
খ) If you do not read attentively, you cannot pass the examination.
গ
গ) You do not read attentively and you cannot pass the examination.
ঘ
ঘ) Because you do not read attentively, you cannot pass the examination.

ব্যাখ্যা

Or যুক্ত compound sentence কে সিম্পল করতে গেলে প্রথমে without বসে + প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb-এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয় + ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে+ or এর পরিবর্তে comma বসে + দ্বিতীয় বাক্য বসে।

৩১২.

The simple sentence form of “Do or die.” is:

ক
By doing you won't die.
খ
Without doing you won't die.
গ
Without doing, you will die.
ঘ
By doing you die.

ব্যাখ্যা

Answer- Without doing, you will die.

• Do or die- এই sentence টি হচ্ছে Compound Sentence.
• Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Simple করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Without বসে।
- প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ হয়।
- verb এর পরের অংশ বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- or এর পরিবর্তে (,) বসে।
- দ্বিতীয় বাক্য/বাক্যাংশ বসে।
- এখানে দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে শুধু 'die' আছে বিধায় এটি future tense এ হবে।

Compound: Do or die.
Simple: Without doing you will die.

অন্য অপশনগুলো ভুল:
ক) By doing you won't die. → এখানে “না করলে মরবে” এই দিকটি নেই।

খ) Without doing you won't die. → অর্থ পুরো উল্টো।

ঘ) By doing you die. → মূল ভাবের বিরোধী।

- তাই গ) অপশনটিই সঠিক।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩১৩.

When it is spring, the cuckoo sings. (make it simple)

ক
At the age of spring the cuckoo sings.
খ
At spring the cuckoo sings.
গ
In spring the cuckoo sings.
ঘ
While spring the cuckoo sings.

ব্যাখ্যা

• When যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence করার নিয়ম:
- When উঠে যায় এবং when এরপরের অংশে যে Subject ও Verb থাকে টা উঠে যায়।
- ছোট সময় বুঝালে at/ in বসে।
- ঋতু বুঝালে তার পূর্বে in বসে।
- বয়স বুঝালে at the age of বসে।
- Comma (,) এরপরের অংশ বসবে।

• Complex Sentence: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
• Simple Sentence: In spring the cuckoo sings.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩১৪.

Change the following sentence into a simple sentence:
As the old man killed the dog, he was punished.

ক
Because of being killing the dog, the old man was punished.
খ
Killing the dog, the old man was punished.
গ
In spite of killing the dog, the old man was punished.
ঘ
The old man was punished when he killed the dog.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Since/as/when যুক্ত Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause এর Subject এক হলে এবং দুটি Clause এ মূল verb থাকলে Simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:

- প্রথমে প্রথম Sentence এর মূল Verb এর Present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়
- প্রথম Clause এর ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে
- Comma (,) বসে
- দ্বিতীয় Clause এর Subject এর জায়গায় প্রথম Sentence এর Subject বসে
- দ্বিতীয় Sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসে।

Example:
Complex: As the old man killed the bird, he was punished.
Simple: Killing the bird, the old man was punished.

৩১৫.

The water being very hot, I could not drink it. This is a/an -

ক
ক) complex sentence
খ
খ) compound sentence
গ
গ) simple sentence
ঘ
ঘ) imperative sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence is a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.

The water being very hot - এর মধ্যে কোন Finite Verb নেই, তাই পুরো বাক্যের মধ্যে Clause আছে একটি। সুতরাং এটি Simple Sentence.

Source: Oxford Dictionary

৩১৬.

The cat is very clever and can find its way home. (Make it simple)

ক
The cat is very clever to find its way home.
খ
The cat is very clever at finding its way home.
গ
The cat is clever enough to find its way home.
ঘ
The cat is too clever at finding its way home.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Very...and যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিণত করতে হলে,
- Simple এ very এর স্থলে too/enough এবং and এর স্থলে to বসিয়ে simple করতে হয়।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Compound sentence: The cat is very clever and can find its way home.
Simple Sentence: The cat is clever enough to find its way home.
- তাছাড়াও - Adjective/Adverb + enough হয়।

৩১৭.

How long I shall stay is doubtful. (Simple)

ক
My stay is doubtful.
খ
The time of my staying is doubtful.
গ
The duration of my stay is doubtful.
ঘ
My intention to stay is doubtful.

ব্যাখ্যা

প্রদত্ত বাক্যের how long দ্বারা duration বুঝাচ্ছে।
সুতরাং প্রদত্ত বাক্যের simple form - The duration of my stay is doubtful.

৩১৮.

He became lonely as he was unable to cope with them. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) Being unable to cope with them, he became lonely.
খ
খ) He became lonely for unable to cope with them.
গ
গ) He became lonely notwithstanding being unable to cope with them.
ঘ
ঘ) He was too unable to cope with them to become lonely.

ব্যাখ্যা

as এখানে যেহেতু অর্থে (কারণ বোঝানোর জন্য) ব্যবহৃত হচ্ছে । কারণ বোঝালে
verb+ing অথবা because of + verb + ing ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ হিসেবে কেবল ক-ই সঠিক।
খ – for দিয়ে কখনো কারণ বুঝালেও for এর পর Noun/Verb+ing বসে, কিন্তু এখানে Adjective বসেছে। তাই বাক্যের গঠন ঠিক হয় নি।
আর notwithstanding = সত্ত্বেও
too ....... to = এতই যে ..... না

৩১৯.

Which of the following sentences is a simple sentence?

ক
At the very moment of my reaching the station, the train left.
খ
The class was lengthy and enjoyable.
গ
As soon as I reached the station, the train left.
ঘ
The class was lengthy, yet it was enjoyable.

ব্যাখ্যা

• একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে
অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে,
At the very moment of my reaching the station, the train left - এই বাক্যটিতে একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb রয়েছে।
তাই এটি Simple Sentence.

অন্যদিকে,
• Complex sentence:
যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
তাই নিয়মানুসারে As soon as I reached the station, the train left হচ্ছে complex sentence এর উদাহরণ।

আবার,
Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
- এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both and, either or, neither --- --- nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি coordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।
তাই নিয়মানুসারে - The class was lengthy and enjoyable এবং The class was lengthy yet enjoyable - এই দুইটি বাক্য হচ্ছে compound sentence এর উদাহরণ। কারণ বাক্যে দুটি clause এবং yet দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়েছে।

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain

৩২০.

He behaved rough but he was not punished. (make it simple)

ক
In spite of behaving rough, he was not punished.
খ
In spite of his behavior, he was not punished.
গ
In spite of being behaved rough, he was not punished.
ঘ
In spite of his behaved rough, he was not punished.

ব্যাখ্যা

• but যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Simple sentence- এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে In spite of বসে।
- প্রথম sentence এর am/ is/ are/ was/ were এর পরিবর্তে being বসে বা have/ has/ had এর পরিবর্তে having বসে বা প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে।
- but এর পরিবর্তে comma (,) বসে।
- ২য় senetnce টি বসে।

Compound Sentence: He behaved rough but he was not punished.
Simple Sentence: In spite of behaving rough, he was not punished.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩২১.

Meena was loved by the authority as he had integrity. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) Meena was loved by the authority because of her integrity.
খ
খ) Meena was loved by the authority because she had integrity.
গ
গ) Meena was loved by the authority because of her having integrity.
ঘ
ঘ) As Meena had integrity, she was loved by the authority.

ব্যাখ্যা

- প্রদত্ত sentence টি হচ্ছে complex sentence.
- Since/as যুক্ত Complex sentence এর subject দুটি এক হলে এবং since/as যুক্ত clause টিতে শুধুমাত্র be verb / have verb থাকলে simple করার নিয়ম: Since/as এর পরিবর্তে Because of বসে + সে clause এর subject এর possessive form + be verb এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা have verb এর পরিবর্তে having + সে sentence এর বাকি অংশ + অপর sentence টি বসে।
- তাই সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে: Meena was loved by the authority because of her having integrity.

Source : Advancer Learner's HSC Communicative English by Chowdhury & Hussain.

৩২২.

Though she has many responsibilities, she manages her time well. (make it simple)

ক
In spite of her having many responsibilities, she manages her time well.
খ
Despite of her having many responsibilities, she manages her time well.
গ
In spite of her being many responsibilities, she manages her time well.
ঘ
Because of her having many responsibilities, she manages her time well.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Though/ Although Clause- এ has/ have/ had থাকলে সে ক্ষেত্রে Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/ In Spite of বসে।
- Subject অনুসারে এর Possessive form বসে।
- has/ have/ had এর পরিবর্তে having বসে।
- প্রদত্ত Sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসবে।

• Complex Sentence: Though she has many responsibilities, she manages her time well.
• Simple Sentence: In spite of her having many responsibilities, she manages her time well.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩২৩.

‘Seeing the police, the thief ran away’. This is a –

ক
Complex sentence
খ
Compound sentence
গ
Simple sentence
ঘ
Imperative sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence is a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.
আলোচ্য বাক্যে একটিই clause আছে, আর ‘Seeing the police ‘clause নয় এটি একটি participle phrase.
অতএব, বাক্যটি একটি simple sentence।

Source: Oxford Dictionary

৩২৪.

Manha is a chef who is adept. (Make it simple)

ক
Manha is not an adept chef.
খ
Manha has been an adept chef.
গ
Manha is an adept chef.
ঘ
Manha is being an adept chef.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex Sentence: Manha is a chef who is adept.
Simple Sentence: Manha is an adept chef.

• প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত sentence টি একটি Complex Sentence.
• Subject + Relative Pronoun + Adjective যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Subject বসে +
- relative pronoun (who/which/that) উঠে যায় +
- tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

৩২৫.

She studied diligently so that she could excel in exams. (simple)

ক
Because of studying diligently, she excelled in her exams.
খ
She studied diligently than excel in exams.
গ
She studied diligently to be excel in exams.
ঘ
She studied diligently to excel in exams.

ব্যাখ্যা

• So that যুক্ত complex কে simple করার নিয়ম:

- প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম থেকে so এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বসে,
- so থেকে many/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়,
- to বসে,
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Complex: He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.
Simple: He worked hard to prosper in life.

Complex: She studied diligently so that she could excel in exams.
Simple: She studied diligently to excel in exams.

Source: Advanced Learners by Choudhury & Hossain.

৩২৬.

'If you have enough money, you can go abroad.'
Make this sentence into a Simple Sentence.

ক
If having enough money, you can go abroad.
খ
By having enough money, you can go abroad.
গ
You can go abroad if having enough money.
ঘ
If you have money enough, go abroad.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর: গ) By having enough money, you can go abroad.

If যুক্ত Affirmative Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার সময়, If যুক্ত Subordinate clause এ-
- By + Verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়,
- Object এবং বাকি অংশ বসে।

- 'If you have enough money, you can go abroad.'
- এই বাক্যে 'If you have enough money'- Subordinate Clause, তাই এটিতে By + Verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়,
- 'By having enough money'
- Priciple Clause টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে,
- নিয়ম অনুসারে বাক্যটি দাঁড়ায়,
- By having enough money, you can go abroad.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৩২৭.

They left early so that they could catch the train. (Simple)

ক
They left early then catch the train.
খ
They left early that catch the train.
গ
They left early to catch the train.
ঘ
Because of they left early so that they could catch the train.

ব্যাখ্যা

• So that যুক্ত complex কে simple করার নিয়ম:

- প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম থেকে so এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বসে,
- so থেকে many/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়,
- to বসে,
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Complex: He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.
Simple: He worked hard to prosper in life.

Complex: She studied diligently so that she could excel in exams.
Simple: She studied diligently to excel in exams.

Complex: They left early so that they could catch the train.
Simple: They left early to catch the train.

Source: Advanced Learners by Choudhury & Hossain.

৩২৮.

Which is the correct simple sentence?

ক
ক) The sun rose and the fog dispersed
খ
খ) The fog being dispersed, the sun rose
গ
গ) When the sun rose, the fog dispersed
ঘ
ঘ) The sun having risen, the fog dispersed

ব্যাখ্যা

সাধারণত সূর্য উঠলে কুয়াশা কাটে, তাই বাক্যের যােগ্যতা ঠিক রাখতে সঠিক উত্তর হবে ঘ।

৩২৯.

Although the boy is strong, he cannot carry the box.(Make it simple)

ক
In spite of the boy is very strong, he cannot carry the box.
খ
Because of his being strong, he cannot carry the box.
গ
In spite of his being strong, he cannot carry the box.
ঘ
Despite of his being strong, he cannot carry the box.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex: Although the boy is strong, he cannot carry the box.
Simple: In spite of his being strong, he cannot carry the box.

• Though/ Although যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/ In Spite of বসে।
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর Subject টির possessive form বসে।
- To be verb এর পরিবর্তে being বসে।
- প্রদত্ত Sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসবে।

Other options:
ক) In spite of the boy is very strong, he cannot carry the box.
- এটি ভুল কারণ, Though/ Although যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে Despite/ In Spite of + Subject এর possessive form + To be verb এর পরিবর্তে being বসে।

খ) Because of his being strong, he cannot carry the box.
- এটি ভুল কারণ, Though/ Although যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/ In Spite of বসে।

ঘ) Despite of his being strong, he cannot carry the box.
- এটি ভুল কারণ, "Despite" শব্দটির পরে সরাসরি object বসে, এর পরে of preposition বসে না।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৩৩০.

Which of the following is an example of Gerund?

ক
I saw a bird flying in the sky.
খ
I caught him stealing my books.
গ
Meditating in the morning is a good way to calm your nerves.
ঘ
None of these

ব্যাখ্যা

• Meditating in the morning is a good way to calm your nerves. Here the underlined part is - Gerund.

• Gerund:
- Verb এর সাথে ing যোগ হয়ে noun এর কাজ করে অর্থাৎ verb ও noun এর কাজ করে, তাকে Gerund বলে।
- Gerund: Verb + ing = noun = Verb + noun.
- It is a word ending in '-ing' that is made from a verb and used like a noun.
- Gerunds don't describe action, they act as noun.

তাই, প্রদত্ত বাক্যে 'Meditating' একটি gerund.

Options,
• I saw a bird flying in the sky. The underlined word is - Participle.

• Participle:
- Verb এর যে রূপ একই সাথে Verb এবং Adjective এর কাজ সম্পন্ন করে তাকে Participle বলে।

• flying শব্দটি a bird (Noun) কে Modify করছে।
- এটি একই সাথে Verb এবং Adjective এর কাজ করছে।

• I caught him stealing my books.
- এখানে stealing হচ্ছে present participle.

৩৩১.

Transform the following complex sentence into a simple sentence:
The problem is so difficult that I cannot solve it.

ক
The problem is very difficult to solve.
খ
The problem is too difficult to solve.
গ
The problem is difficult that I cannot solve it.
ঘ
The problem is too difficult that I cannot solve it.

ব্যাখ্যা

→ Answer: The problem is too difficult to solve.

→ যদি Complex Sentence-এ "so...that" form থাকে, তাহলে Simple Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার সময়:
- "so"-এর জায়গায় "too" বসবে।
- "that"-এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে।
- "that" থেকে "not" পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে।
- "to" যোগ করে বাকি অংশ বসবে।

→ "so...that" দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Complex Sentence-এ দুটি clause থাকে:
Main Clause: The problem is so difficult.
Subordinate Clause: that I cannot solve it.

→ Transformation Rule অনুসারে Complex: The problem is so difficult that I cannot solve it.
Simple: The problem is too difficult to solve.

Example:
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: He is too weak to walk.

৩৩২.

'Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew' is a-

ক
Simple sentence
খ
Complex sentence
গ
None of them
ঘ
Compound sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence
- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে।
- আলোচ্য বাক্যে একটি মাত্র finite verb আছে তাই এটি simple sentence.
- 'Killing the bird' এখানে clause নয়, এটি phrase.

অন্যদিকে,
• Complex sentences
Complex sentences have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses, introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
Example. You can call me if you have any problems.

• Compound sentences
Compound sentences have two or more main clauses, joined by a coordinating conjunction:
Example: I phoned her but she wasn’t there.

৩৩৩.

The weather being very cold, there was none on the road. This is a –

ক
ক) Complex Sentence
খ
খ) Compound Sentence
গ
গ) Simple Sentence
ঘ
ঘ) Imperative Sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple Sentence এ একটামাত্র Clause থাকে। বাক্যটাতে যেহেতু কেবল একটাই Clause (there was none on the road) আছে, তাই বাক্যটা একটা Simple Sentence.
The weather being very cold – এর মধ্যে কোনো Finite Verb নেই, তাই এটা কোনো Clause নয়।

৩৩৪.

Work hard or you cannot prosper in life. (Do Simple)

ক
If you do not work hard, you cannot prosper in life.
খ
Working hard, you will prosper in life.
গ
Though working hard, you will not prosper in life.
ঘ
Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.

ব্যাখ্যা

Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Simple করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Without বসে +
- প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ হয় +
- ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে +
- or এর পরিবর্তে (,) বসে +
- দ্বিতীয় বাক্য বসে।

Structure: Without + verb + ing + Subject + extension.

Compound: Work hard or you cannot prosper in life.
Simple: Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.

Source: Advanced Learner’s English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৩৫.

As the king had fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him. (make it simple)

ক
ক) Because of falling from power, even beggars did not honour him.
খ
খ) The king having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him.
গ
গ) Because of having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him.
ঘ
ঘ) By having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour the king.

ব্যাখ্যা

উভয় Clause এর Subject ভিন্ন। Clause দুটি দিয়ে সময়ের পর্যায়ক্রম বুঝাচ্ছে।
এ অবস্থায় Simple Sentence এর Structure হচ্ছে-
Sub + Participle (Verb+ing অথবা having + Past participle of verb) + 2^nd Clause.

৩৩৬.

Asif was loved by the principle as he had integrity. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) Asif was loved by the principle because of his integrity.
খ
খ) Asif was loved by the principle because he had integrity.
গ
গ) Asif was loved by the principle because of his having integrity.
ঘ
ঘ) As he had integrity, he was loved by the principle.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে: Asif was loved by the principle because of his having integrity.
- প্রদত্ত sentence টি হচ্ছে complex sentence.
- Since/as যুক্ত Complex sentence এর subject দুটি এক হলে এবং since/as যুক্ত clause টিতে শুধুমাত্র be verb / have verb থাকলে simple করার নিয়ম: Since/as এর পরিবর্তে Because of বসে + সে clause এর subject এর possessive form + be verb এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা have verb এর পরিবর্তে having + সে sentence এর বাকি অংশ + অপর sentence টি বসে।

Source : Advancer Learner's HSC Communicative English by Chowdhury & Hussain.

৩৩৭.

Change the sentence.
She took care of pat and got a dollar. (Make it Simple)

ক
After taking care of pat, she got dollar.
খ
Being taken care of pat, she got dollar.
গ
Being take care of pat, she got dollar.
ঘ
Taking care of pat, She got a dollar.

ব্যাখ্যা

• And যুক্ত Compound Sentence এর উভয় অংশের Subject যদি একই হয় এবং উভয় অংশে মূল verb থাকলে -
- Compoun: She took care of pat and got a dollar.
- Simple: Taking care of pat, She got a dollar.
- প্রথমে প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর present fom - Take এর সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয়।
- প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর পরের অংশ - care of বসে ।
- And এর পরিবর্তে comma বসে।
- প্রথম বাক্যের Subject বসে।
- ২য় বাক্যের subject থাকলে উঠে যায়।
- ২য় বাক্যের বাকী অংশ বসে।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ হচ্ছে -
- Compound: I went there and met her.
- Simple: Going there I met her.

৩৩৮.

The Sahara Desert is one of the hottest deserts on Earth. (Make it positive)

ক
No other deserts is as hot as The Sahara Desert on Earth.
খ
Very few deserts is as hot as The Sahara Desert on Earth.
গ
No other deserts are as hot as The Sahara Desert on Earth.
ঘ
Very few deserts are as hot as The Sahara Desert on Earth.

ব্যাখ্যা

♦ Superlative to Positive:

• One of the যুক্ত superlative sentence কে Positive করার গঠন হচ্ছে -
- প্রথমে Very few বসে।
- positive degree এর পরের Plural Noun বসে।
- Plural Verb বসে।
- as/so বসে।
- Positive Degree বসে।
- as বসে।
- Subject of Positive Degree বসে।

• Correct sentence: Very few deserts are as hot as The Sahara Desert on Earth.

৩৩৯.

Though the man has much riches, he wants more. (Simple)

ক
Despite of having much riches, he wants more.
খ
In spite of his having much riches, he wants more.
গ
In spite having much riches, he wants more.
ঘ
Despite his much riches, he wants more.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex to simple:
যদি Though/Although clause এ has/have/had থাকে সেক্ষেত্রে নিচের নিয়মটি ব্যবহার করে simple এ পরিণত করতে হবে:

- Though/Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/In spite of বসে।
- subject এর possessive form বসে।
- has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।
- ২য় clause.

Complex: Though the man has much riches, he wants more.
Simple: In spite of his having much riches, he wants more.

৩৪০.

Though he has little experience, he performs well at work. (Simple)

ক
In spite his having little experience, he performs well at work.
খ
In spite of his having little experience, he performs well at work.
গ
Despite of his having little experience, he performs well at work.
ঘ
In spite of his little experience, he performs well at work.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex to simple:
যদি Though/Although clause এ has/have/had থাকে সেক্ষেত্রে নিচের নিয়মটি ব্যবহার করে simple এ পরিণত করতে হবে:

- Though/Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/In spite of বসে।
- subject এর possessive form বসে।
- has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।
- ২য় clause.

Complex: Though the man has much riches, he wants more.
Simple: In spite of his having much riches, he wants more.

Complex: Though he has little experience, he performs well at work.
Simple: In spite of his having little experience, he performs well at work.

৩৪১.

Sarah is a chef who is skilled. (Make it simple)

ক
Sarah is being a skilled chef.
খ
Sarah has been a skilled chef.
গ
Sarah is a skilled chef.
ঘ
Sarah is not an unskilled chef.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex Sentence: Sarah is a chef who is skilled.
Simple Sentence: Sarah is a skilled chef.

• প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত sentence টি একটি Complex Sentence.
• Subject + Relative Pronoun + Adjective যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Subject বসে +
- relative pronoun (who/which/that) উঠে যায় +
- tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

৩৪২.

‘Although he is poor, he is honest.’ (Simple)

ক
ক) In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
খ
খ) Despite his honesty, he is poor.
গ
গ) Despite of having poor, he is honest.
ঘ
ঘ) In spite of having poor, he is honest.

ব্যাখ্যা

Although দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি clause-এর simple form গঠন করার নিয়ম-
In spite of/despite + pronoun-এর possessive form + adjective-এর noun form + অন্য clause টি বসে।
তাই অপশন (ক) সঠিক উত্তর।

৩৪৩.

Make it simple: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.

ক
On seeing the police, the thief ran away.
খ
At the very moment of seeing the police, the thief ran away.
গ
Seeing the police that he ran away.
ঘ
Both A + B

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex to simple,

• Complex Sentence এ ‍as soon as থাকলে
- Simple Sentence এ as soon as এর পরিবর্তে on/ at the very moment of (সাথে সাথেই) বসে।
- On + Verb + ing Or, At the very moment of + Verb + ing
- এরপর as soon as যুক্ত clause এর বাকি অংশ বসে।
- প্রথম subject টি দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হিসাবে বসে, এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Complex: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: At the very moment of seeing the police, the thief ran away.

Or
Simple: On seeing the police, the thief ran away.

৩৪৪.

'Five years have passed since his father died'. Identify the correct simple form of the sentence from the following options:

ক
His father has died five years ago.
খ
His father died five years ago.
গ
His father has died for five years.
ঘ
His father died since five years.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Complex: Five years have passed since his father died.
- Simple: His father died five years ago.

• প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি একটি Complex sentence.
- কারণ sentence টিতে একটি independent clause "Five years have passed" এবং একটি Subordinate clause "since his father died" আছে।
- এটিকে Simple sentence -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে, একটি subject এবং Finite verb যুক্ত sentence -এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে এবং বাক্যের অর্থ ঠিক রাখতে হবে।
- কারণ সাধারণত একটি clause-এর মধ্যে একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb নিয়ে simple sentence গঠিত হয়।

• Option Analysis:
ক) "His father has died five years ago."
- এটি ভুল, কারণ Present perfect tense ("has died") cannot be used with a specific past time reference like "five years ago."

খ) "His father died five years ago."
- এই বাক্যটি correct simple form, কারণ এই বাক্যে past time expression "five years ago" -এর সাথে সঠিকভাবে simple past tense ব্যবহার হয়েছে, যা original sentence এর same meaning বহন করে।

গ) "His father has died for five years."
- এটি ভুল, কারণ The verb "die" is a momentary action (not continuous), আর duration ("for five years") এর সাথে "has died" ব্যবহার করা যায় না।
- এর বদলে "His father has been dead for five years." ব্যবহার করা যায় কিন্তু তখন অর্থ বদলে যাবে।

ঘ) "His father died since five years."
- এটি correct simple sentence নয়, কারণ "Since" requires present perfect tense, and "since five years" is grammatically wrong (should be "since five years ago").

- সুতরাং, প্রদত্ত অপশন অনুযায়ী দেখা যায় যে, correct simple sentence টি হলো- খ) His father died five years ago.

৩৪৫.

I bought the bag which was imported from Canada. (Make it simple)

ক
The bag was imported from Canada so I bought it.
খ
I bought the bag imported from Canada.
গ
I bought the bag that it imported from Canada.
ঘ
I bought the bag as it was imported from Canada.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex to simple:
• সাধারণত নিয়ম অনুযায়ী-
Subject + relative pronoun + past participle complex sentence simple sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম-
(i) প্রথমে subject বসে + (ii) relative pronoun উঠে যায় + (III) auxiliary verb উঠে যায় +(iv) sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসে।

Note: অনেক সময় relative pronoun + past participle object এর পরে বসে।
- সেক্ষেত্রে নিয়মটি নিম্ন রূপ :

(i) Relative pronoun এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বসে +
(II) Relative pronoun + auxiliary verb উঠে যায় + (iii) বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় বসে।

Complex: I bought the bag which was imported from Canada.
Simple: I bought the bag imported from Canada.

৩৪৬.

Pick appropriate word and complete the sentence: '' _________ at the top of my voice, I tried to warn everybody.''

ক
ক) Having shouted
খ
খ) Being shouted
গ
গ) Since I shouted
ঘ
ঘ) Shouting

ব্যাখ্যা

Complete Sentence: Shouting at the top of my voice, I tried to warn everybody.

- এই বাক্যটি দ্বারা বুঝাচ্ছে বক্তা চিৎকার করে সবাইকে সতর্ক করছিল।
- অর্থাৎ কাজ দুটি simultaneously হচ্ছিল।
- কোনো কিছু করা বোঝাতে Present Participle (Verb + ing) বসে। তাই 'Shouting' সঠিক।

৩৪৭.

Choose the simple form of: Do or die.

ক
By doing you won't die.
খ
Without doing you won't die.
গ
By doing you die.
ঘ
Without doing, you will die.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer- Without doing, you will die.

Compound: Do or die.
Simple: Without doing you will die.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৪৮.

Change the following sentence.
As I performed very well, I got the first prize. (Simple)

ক
I got the first prize because of performing very well.
খ
I perform very well and got the first prize.
গ
After performing very well, I got the first prize.
ঘ
Performing very well, I got the first prize.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex sentence to Simple sentence:
• যখন since/ as/ when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে সেক্ষেত্রে -
• Structure: 1st clause এর Verb + ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।

- Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
- Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
- এখানে প্রথম clause টি হচ্ছে - As I performed very well
- প্রথম clause এ উপস্থিত Verb হচ্ছে - performed
- এরপর এই Verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হবে
- গঠন অনুসারে বাকী অংশ বসবে

• এ জাতীয় আরোও কিছু উদাহরণ হচ্ছে -
- Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
- Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৪৯.

When the thief saw the police, he ran away. (make it simple)

ক
ক) Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
খ
খ) The thief ran away while seeing the police.
গ
গ) The police saw the thief and he ran away.
ঘ
ঘ) Whenever the thief saw the police, he ran away.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence এ As/When (সময় অর্থে) থাকলে এবং এদের দ্বারা একটি কাজের পরে আরেকটি কাজ সংঘটিত হওয়া বুঝালে simple করার সময় after + verb+ing/ ‍(উহ্য ‍after +) verb+ing বসে।

৩৫০.

We practice daily so that we can improve our skills. (Make it simple)

ক
We practice daily for improve our skills.
খ
We practice daily so improve our skills.
গ
We practice daily to improve our skills.
ঘ
We practice daily to be improve our skills.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Complex: We practice daily so that we can improve our skills.
- Simple: We practice daily to improve our skills.

• So that যুক্ত complex কে simple করার নিয়ম:
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম থেকে so এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বসে,
- so থেকে many/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়,
- to বসে,
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• More examples:
- Complex: He ran fast so that he could catch the bus.
- Simple: He ran fast to catch the bus.

৩৫১.

When he was ten, he learned to swim. [simple]

ক
His age of ten, he learned to swim.
খ
He was at age of ten, when he learned to swim.
গ
As the age of ten, he learned to swim.
ঘ
At the age of ten, he learned to swim.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex: When he was ten, he learned to swim.
Simple: At the age of ten, he learned to swim.

• When যুক্ত সময় নির্দেশক Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- When clause এ ছোট সময়/ বয়স/ ঋতুর উল্লেখ থাকলে,
- When উঠে যায় + When এর পরে যে Subject ও Verb থাকে তা উঠে যায় + ছোট সময় বুঝালে at/in বসে, ঋতু থাকলে তার পূর্বে in বসে, বয়সের উল্লেখ থাকলে তার পূর্বে at the age of বসে + পরবর্তী clause অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

Examples:
Complex Sentence: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Simple Sentence: In spring the cuckoo sings.

Complex Sentence: When he was four, he left his village.
Simple Sentence: At the age of four, he left his village.

• অন্যদিকে,
• When দ্বারা সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কাজ চলা বোঝালে তখন,
- At the time of + when যুক্ত অংশের -ing যুক্ত ক্রিয়াটি বসে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Complex: When it was snowing, she went outside.
• Simple: At the time of snowing, she went outside.

৩৫২.

Going to the garden Asif saw a red rose. (Make it compound)

ক
ক) Asif went to the garden and saw a red rose.
খ
খ) Asif saw a red rose as he went to the garden.
গ
গ) Asif went to the garden so that he saw a red rose.
ঘ
ঘ) Asif saw a red rose going to the garden.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে: Asif went to the garden and saw a red rose.
- প্রদত্ত sentence টি simple sentence.
- প্রদত্ত present participle " going to the garden" এর বাকি অংশ "Asif saw a red rose" Past indefinite tense এ আছে। তাই going to the garden কেও Past indefinite tense এ গঠন করা হয়েছে এবং দুই sentence এর মাঝে and বসেছে।

Source : Advancer Learner's HSC Communicative English by Chowdhury & Hussain, Applied English Grammar & Composition by P. C. Das.

৩৫৩.

Which one is a simple sentence?

ক
ক) He was rejected, for his performance was not satisfactory.
খ
খ) The patient died after the doctor had arrived.
গ
গ) The man becoming repentant, Allah at last took pity on him.
ঘ
ঘ) Where there is a will, there is a way.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple Sentence এ কেবল একটি Clause (Subject + Tense অনুযায়ী Verb) থাকে। ক, খ ও ঘ সবগুলোতে ২টি করে Clause আছে।
কেবল গ-তে একটি Clause আছে। The man becoming repentant এর মধ্যে Verb টা Tense অনুযায়ী আসেনি। তাই সঠিক উত্তর গ।

৩৫৪.

Transform the sentence "Being late, she missed the bus" into a compound sentence.

ক
She was late or she missed the bus.
খ
She Being late so she missed the bus.
গ
She missed the bus, and she was late.
ঘ
She was late, and she missed the bus.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ঘ) She was late, and she missed the bus.

• Simple Sentence থেকে Compound Sentence:
যদি Simple sentence-এ Present Participle Phrase (Verb + ing) ব্যবহার করে কারণ (Reason) বোঝানো হয়, তাহলে Compound sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার সময়
- Present Participle Phrase (Verb + ing)-কে Independent Clause-এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- দুটি Independent Clause যুক্ত করতে and বা so ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

অর্থাৎ যদি Simple Sentence-এ কোনো ব্যক্তির কাজ করার কারণ এবং তার ফলাফল উল্লেখ থাকে, তবে Compound Sentence-এ প্রথমে কারণ উল্লেখ করা হয় এবং তারপর ফলাফল-কে conjunction "and" দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়।

• উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে Simple Sentence হলো: "Being late, she missed the bus
এখানে, কারণ (Cause): "Being late" (তার দেরি হওয়া) এবং ফলাফল (Result): "she missed the bus" (সে বাস মিস করল)।
এই Simple Sentence-কে Compound Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার সময়:
1. প্রথমে কারণ উল্লেখ করা হয়: "She was late"
2. তারপর ফলাফল -কে conjunction "and" দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়: "she missed the bus"
→ সুতরাং Transformation Rule অনুসারে সঠিক Compound Sentence হবে: "She was late, and she missed the bus."

Other Options:
ক) She was late or she missed the bus. - ভুল, কারণ: "or" দিয়ে দুটি বিকল্প বোঝায়, কিন্তু মূল বাক্যে কারণ-ফল সম্পর্ক আছে।
খ) She Being late so she missed the bus. - ভুল, কারণ: "She Being late" কোনো সম্পূর্ণ Clause নয়, এটি Incorrect grammar.
গ) She missed the bus, and she was late. - ভুল, কারণ: এখানে ফল (বাস মিস) প্রথমে এবং কারণ পরে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে, যা মূল বাক্যের যুক্তি উল্টে দেয়।

Example Sentences:
- Simple: Being late, she missed the bus.
- Compound: She was late, and she missed the bus.
- Simple: Feeling tired, he went to bed early.
- Compound: He was feeling tired, so he went to bed early.

৩৫৫.

Which types of sentence - 'The baby came to its mother dancing'.

ক
ক) simple sentence
খ
খ) complex sentence
গ
গ) compound sentence
ঘ
ঘ) optative sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

• 'The baby came to its mother dancing' হচ্ছে একটি simple sentence.

• Simple sentence:
- একটি subject থাকে।
- একটি finite verb বা সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া থাকে।

• 'The baby came to its mother dancing' বাক্যে -
- came হচ্ছে একটি সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া।
- dancing হলো অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া বা non-finite verb.
- সুতরাং বাক্যটি simple sentence.

Source: A passage to the English language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৩৫৬.

Though he was nervous, he faced the exam anyway. (Make it simple)

ক
Despite he is nervous, he faced the exam anyway.
খ
Despite of nervous, he faced the exam anyway.
গ
Despite being nervous, he faced the exam anyway.
ঘ
Despite his being nervous, he faced the exam anyway.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Though he was nervous, he faced the exam anyway.
Simple form: Despite his being nervous, he faced the exam anyway.

• Though/although যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়ম-
• Though / although যুক্ত clause-এ যদি verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) থাকে তাহলে নীচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে simple করতে হয়-
- Though/although-এর পরিবর্তে in spite of বসে +
- সে বাক্যের subject টিকে possessive করতে হয় +
- to be verb (am, is, are, was, were) এর পরিবর্তে being বসে +
- sentence এর বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় বসে।
বিঃদ্রঃ inspite of-এর পরিবর্তে despite ব্যবহার করা যায়।

Example:
Complex: Though he was weak, he went to school.
Simple: Despite / In spite of + his + being weak, he went to school.
Or. Despite / In spite of + his + weakness (weak কে noun-এ রূপান্তরিত করে), he went to school.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৩৫৭.

Let me do and you will do. (make it simple)

ক
ক) If I do, you will do.
খ
খ) In case of my doing, you will do.
গ
গ) Let’s do.
ঘ
ঘ) By my doing, you will do.

ব্যাখ্যা

প্রদত্ত বাক্যের অর্থ - আমি যেন করি, আর তাহলে তুমিও করবে।
অথবা, আমাকে করতে দাও, আর তাহলে তুমিও করবে।
And যুক্ত Compound Sentence এর প্রথম Clause টি Imperative হলে উভয় Clause এর মধ্যে শর্ত ও ফলাফল বিদ্যমান বুঝে নিতে হবে।
শর্ত প্রকাশ করলে এবং উভয় Clause এর Subject ভিন্ন হলে Simple Sentence এ In case of বসাতে হয়। তারপর Subject এর Possessive Form বসবে। এর পর verb+ing বসবে।

৩৫৮.

He is too weak to walk. - This is an example of -

ক
ক) Simple Sentence
খ
খ) Complex Sentence
গ
গ) Compound Sentence
ঘ
ঘ) Imperative sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

Too…..to এই গঠন Simple sentence এ ব্যবহার হয় 'এতই যে ...... না' অর্থ প্রদান করার জন্য।
He is too weak to walk. - সে এতই দুর্বল যে হাঁটতে পারে না।

এর Complex form হবে - He is so weak that he cannot walk.
এবং Compound form হবে - He is very weak and so he cannot walk.

৩৫৯.

He said that he was innocent. (simple)

ক
He said and he was innocent.
খ
He was innocent so he said it.
গ
That he was innocent was said by him.
ঘ
He declared his innocence.

ব্যাখ্যা

• এখানে say- verb টিকে অবস্থার চাহিদা অনুযায়ী declare এ রূপান্তরিত হবে
- এরপর that যুক্ত clause টিকে একটি phrase এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- সঠিক simple sentence টি হবে - He declared his innocence.

৩৬০.

He asked what the problem was. (Simple)

ক
What the problem was, he asked.
খ
He asked of the problem.
গ
He asked about the problem.
ঘ
He asked the problem.

ব্যাখ্যা

গ) He asked about the problem. → এটি সঠিক উত্তর, কারণ "asked about" হলো "জিজ্ঞাসা করা" বা "সম্পর্কে জানতে চাওয়া" বোঝানোর উপযুক্ত রূপ।

• উক্ত বাক্যটি "He asked what the problem was." একটি Indirect Speech বা পরোক্ষ উক্তি। এটি Simple Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে, "asked about" গঠনটি ব্যবহার করা উচিত, কারণ এটি "what the problem was"-এর অর্থ সংক্ষিপ্ত প্রকাশ করে।

Complex: He asked what the problem was.
Simple: He asked about the problem.

৩৬১.

She is intelligent, but she is very lazy. (change into a simple sentence)

ক
In spite of her being intelligent, she is very lazy.
খ
In spite of she being intelligent, she is very lazy.
গ
Being Intelligent, she is very lazy.
ঘ
In spite of her intelligent, she is very lazy.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: ক) In spite of her being intelligent, she is very lazy.

• Compound বাক্যে but থাকলে Simple করতে হলে Inspite of বসাতে হয়।
- তারপর প্রথম বাক্যের Subject এর possessive form ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- প্রথম বাক্যের be verb (am/is/are/was/were) হলে being বসাতে হয়।
- যদি has/have/had থাকে having বসাতে হয়।
- যদি মূল verb থাকে verb + ing করতে হয়।
- but বাদ দিয়ে তার জায়গায় কেবল comma (,) ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত বসে।

Other Options:
খ) In spite of she being intelligent, she is very lazy.
- But যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Simple করতে হলে Inspite of বসাতে হয়।
- তারপর প্রথম বাক্যের Subject এর possessive form ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

গ) Being Intelligent, she is very lazy.
- But যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Simple করতে হলে Inspite of বসাতে হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) In spite of her intelligent, she is very lazy.
- এখানে be verb (am/is/are/was/were) এর স্থলে "being" বসাতে হয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৬২.

When I was ten, I started playing cricket. (make it simple)

ক
In the age of ten, I started playing cricket.
খ
When in the age of ten, I started playing cricket.
গ
At the age of ten, I started playing cricket.
ঘ
When at the age of ten, I started playing cricket.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex: When I was ten, I started playing cricket.
Simple: At the age of ten, I started playing cricket.

• When যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence করার নিয়ম:
- When উঠে যায় এবং when এরপরের অংশে যে Subject ও Verb থাকে টা উঠে যায়।
- ছোট সময় বুঝালে at/ in বসে।
- ঋতু বুঝালে তার পূর্বে in বসে।
- বয়স বুঝালে at the age of বসে।
- Comma (,) এরপরের অংশ বসবে।

Similar examples:
- Complex: When it was evening, I saw the children playing in the field.
- Simple: At evening I saw the children playing in the field.
- Complex: When it is winter, we usually eat pithas.
- Simple: In winter, we usually eat pithas.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৩৬৩.

He was a thief and the police arrested him.

ক
ক) Being a thief, the police arrested him.
খ
খ) Because of a thief, the police arrested him.
গ
গ) Because of his being a thief, the police arrested him.
ঘ
ঘ) In spite of his being a thief, the police arrested him.

ব্যাখ্যা

দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে simple sentence এর জন্য পরিবর্তিত phrase এর গঠন হবে:
Preposition + Possessive form of subject + verb+ing/Noun.
এখানে কারণ বুঝানোর জন্য Preposition – because of বসবে।

৩৬৪.

Transform the simple sentence "In spite of the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions." into a complex sentence.

ক
Although the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
খ
Despite of the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
গ
Although the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict and global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
ঘ
Although the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict and so global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.

ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence: In spite of the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
Complex sentence: Although the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.

In spite of → Though
• In spite of যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
→ In spite এর পরিবর্তে Though/Although বসে + subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Example:
Simple: In spite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex: Although he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Simple: In spite of his having many friends, he often feels lonely.
Complex: Although he has many friends, he often feels lonely.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৬৫.

Fight or surrender. (Make it simple)

ক
Fight and surrender.
খ
If you do not fight, you will surrender.
গ
You fight, you will surrender.
ঘ
Without fighting, you will surrender.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Compound to Simple:

- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে।

• Or যুক্ত compound sentence কে simple করার সাধারণ নিয়ম:
- without + verb + ing + sub + extension.

Compound: Fight or surrender.
Simple: Without fighting, you will surrender.

৩৬৬.

The simple form of: If you do not wear a mask, you may get infected.

ক
Wearing mask, you will be safe.
খ
You may get infected when you not wearing a mask.
গ
Without wearing a mask, you may get infected.
ঘ
Because of not wearing a mask, you may get infected.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Complex: If you do not wear a mask, you may get infected.
- Simple: Without wearing a mask, you may get infected.

• If দ্বারা গঠিত শর্তমূলক না বোধক complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে without বসে+ ‘if’ clause এর মূল verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয় + verb -এর পরের অংশ বসে।
- তারপর দ্বিতীয় clause টি বসে।

More Examples:
Complex: If you do not read attentively, you will not pass the examination.
Simple: Without reading attentively, you will not pass the examination.

Complex: If he does not follow the rules, he will be punished.
Simple: Without following the rules, he will be punished.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৬৭.

Transform it into a simple sentence:
Although he was poor, he was honest.

ক
He was poor but honest.
খ
He was honest in spite of being poor.
গ
He was poor and honest.
ঘ
He was poor so he was honest.

ব্যাখ্যা

• উত্তর: খ) He was honest in spite of being poor.

- মূল বাক্যটি একটি Complex Sentence, কারণ এতে "Although" দিয়ে একটি subordinate clause আছে।
- Simple sentence করার জন্য subordinate clause-কে phrase-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
- "Although he was poor" → "in spite of being poor" দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা যায়।
- বাক্যের মূল অর্থ পরিবর্তন না করে একটি মাত্র clause-এ আনতে হয়।
- তাই সঠিক simple sentence: He was honest in spite of being poor.

• Other options:
ক) "He was poor but honest." → এটি compound sentence, কারণ but দুইটি independent clause যোগ করছে।

গ) "He was poor and honest." → এটি মূল বাক্যের contrast সম্পর্ক প্রকাশ করে না, অর্থ বদলে যায়।

ঘ) "He was poor so he was honest." → এটি ভুল কারণ এখানে cause-effect বোঝায়, যা মূল বাক্যের ভাবের সাথে মিলছে না।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৩৬৮.

Would that I could fly in the sky! (Assertive)

ক
ক) I would fly in the sky.
খ
খ) I wish I could fly in the sky.
গ
গ) I wish I fly in the sky.
ঘ
ঘ) I could fly in the sky.

ব্যাখ্যা

Question: Would that I could fly in the sky! (Assertive)
Answer: I wish I could fly in the sky.

Would that দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া exclamatory sentence কে Assertive sentence- এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে subject বসে
- এরপর wish
- would that বাদ যায় এবং এরপরের পুরা অংশ বসে।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - I wish I could fly in the sky.

৩৬৯.

She was ambitious but she failed. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) As she was ambitious, she failed.
খ
খ) She was not only ambitious but also failed.
গ
গ) In spite of her ambition, she failed.
ঘ
ঘ) As she was ambitious, she failed.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Compound sentence এ দুটি clause এর মধ্যে যদি but ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে তাকে simple করতে হলে but এর আগের clause টির আগে In spite of(সত্ত্বেও) বসিয়ে ঐ clause টিকে noun phrase এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- A noun phrase consists of a noun or pronoun and any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses and other nouns in the possessive case.
- এক্ষেত্রে 'She was ambitious' এর noun phrase হবে 'her ambition'.
সঠিক sentence টি হবে - In spite of her ambition, she failed.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৩৭০.

We were leaving the party, and the host announced a surprise performance. (Make it simple)

ক
As were leaving the party, the host announced a surprise performance.
খ
The host announced a surprise performance by the time of our leaving the party.
গ
At the time of our leaving the party, the host announced a surprise performance.
ঘ
As soon as we were leaving the party, the host announced a surprise performance.

ব্যাখ্যা

Compound: We were leaving the party, and the host announced a surprise performance.
Simple: At the time of our leaving the party, the host announced a surprise performance

• ভিন্ন ভিন্ন Subject এবং and দ্বারা যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে simple sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- At the time of + possessive + verb + ing …., Sub + বাকি clause টি।
- অথবা Sub+ having/ being +….. Sub + বাকি clause টি।

• অন্য দিকে,
• And যুক্ত compound sentence কে কয়েক ভাবে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করা যায় -
• Compound এ and দ্বারা দুটি কাজ যুক্ত থাকলে এবং একই subject হলে simple এর শুরুতে প্রথম verb টি + ing হয়।
• অথবা Because of + verb + ing হয়।
• আবার, By + verb + ing বসিয়েও simple sentence এ পরিণত করা যায়।

যেমন -
• Compound sentence - 'He worked hard and prospered in life.
• Simple sentence:
- Working hard, he prospered in life.
- Because of working hard, he prospered in life.
- By working hard, he prospered in life.

৩৭১.

Though he is poor, he is honest. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) In spite of his been poor, he is honest.
খ
খ) In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
গ
গ) In spite of his to be poor, he is honest.
ঘ
ঘ) In spite of his being poor, he was honest.

ব্যাখ্যা

- প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যের 'Simple Sentence' হচ্ছে In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Though/Although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause.

Example:
Complex: Though he is poor, he is honest.
Simple: In spite of his being poor, he is honest
Complex: Though he got the news, he was not happy.
Simple: In spite of getting the news he was not happy.

Source: Source: Applied English Grammar and composition, P.C. DAS

৩৭২.

Study regularly or you will fail the exam. (Make it simple)

ক
Studying regularly, you will fail the exam.
খ
Without studying regularly, you will fail the exam.
গ
You will fail the exam and you study regularly.
ঘ
You will fail the exam if you study regularly.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Or যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Simple sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Without বসে।
- প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে।
- Verb এর পরের অংশ বসে।
- or এর পরিবর্তে Comma (,) বসে।
- ২য় senetnce টি বসে।

• Compound Sentence: Study regularly or you will fail the exam.
• Simple Sentence: Without studying regularly, you will fail the exam.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৭৩.

Change it into simple: It is sure that Ayat has made it.

ক
Ayat had made it sure.
খ
Surely, Ayat has made it.
গ
Ayat has made it for sure.
ঘ
Sure is that Ayat has made it.

ব্যাখ্যা

♦ Complex to simple:
• Complex sentence এ it is certain, it is surely, it is sudden থাকলে Simple sentence এ it is surely এর পরিবর্তে surely হবে + এর পরের relative pronoun টি বাদ যাবে বাকি sentence টি বসবে।

Complex: It is sure that Ayat has made it.
Simple: Surely, Ayat has made it.

• অন্য দিকে,
- it is certain এর পরিবর্তে certainly হবে।
- it is sudden এর পরিবর্তে suddenly হবে।

যেমন:
Complex: It is certain that he will come here. Simple: Certainly, he will come here.
Complex: It was sudden that he lost his mobile.
Simple: Suddenly, he lost his mobile.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৭৪.

Though the man has much wealth, he wants more. (make it simple)

ক
In spite of his having much wealth, he wants more.
খ
In spite his having much wealth, he wants more.
গ
Despite of his having much wealth, he wants more.
ঘ
In spite having much wealth, he wants more.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: In spite of his having much wealth, he wants more.

• Though/ Although clause এ- has/have/ had থাকে সে ক্ষেত্রে simple করার নিয়ম:
- Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/ In Spite of বসে।
- Subject অনুসারে এর Possessive form বসে।
- has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে having বসে।
- প্রদত্ত Sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসবে।

Other options:
খ) In spite his having much wealth, he wants more.
- ভুল, কারণ Though/ Although clause এ- has/have/ had থাকে সে ক্ষেত্রে simple করার সময় Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে "In Spite of" বসে।

গ) Despite of his having much wealth, he wants more.
- ভুল, কারণ Though/ Although clause এ- has/have/ had থাকে সে ক্ষেত্রে simple করার সময় Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে "Despite" বসে।

ঘ) In spite having much wealth, he wants more.
- ভুল, কারণ Though/ Although clause এ- has/have/ had থাকে সে ক্ষেত্রে simple করার সময় Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে "In Spite of" বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৭৫.

Since the work was finished, the students left the classroom. (Make it simple)

ক
The work being finished, the students left the classroom.
খ
The work has finished, the students left the classroom.
গ
The work finished, the students left the classroom.
ঘ
Being finished work, the students left the classroom.

ব্যাখ্যা

• দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হলে এবং প্রথম clause টিতে am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ has/ have/ had থাকলে নিয়মটি হলো:
- Since/ as/ when সর্বদা উঠে যায়।
- প্রথম Clause এ am/ is/ was/ were/ এর পরিবর্তে being বসে বা has/ have/ had এর পরিবর্তে having বসে। তাছাড়া প্রথম clause টির আর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- ২য় clause টি বসে।

• Complex Sentence: Since the work was finished, the students left the classroom.
• Simple sentence: The work being finished, the students left the classroom.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৭৬.

Change it into simple:
"It is clear that a comprehensive approach is needed to tackle the challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia war and food crisis."

ক
It is clearly of being a comprehensive approach is needed to tackle the challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia war and food crisis.
খ
Clearly, a comprehensive approach is needed to tackle the challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia war and food crisis.
গ
In spite of being a comprehensive approach is needed to tackle the challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia war and food crisis.
ঘ
A comprehensive approach is needed to tackle the challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia war and food crisis for being sure.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex Sentence: It is clear that a comprehensive approach is needed to tackle the challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia war and food crisis.
Simple Sentence: Clearly, a comprehensive approach is needed to tackle the challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia war and food crisis.

Complex to simple:
→ Complex sentence এ 'it is sure' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is sure' এর পরিবর্তে surely হবে।
→ It is sure এর পরের relative pronoun টি বাদ যাবে, এরপরে বাকি sentence টি বসবে।

অন্য দিকে,
→ Complex sentence এ 'it is certain' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is certain' এর পরিবর্তে certainly হবে।
→ Complex sentence এ 'it is suddden' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is sudden' এর পরিবর্তে suddenly হবে।
→ Complex sentence এ 'it is clear' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is clear' এর পরিবর্তে clearly হবে।
→ Complex sentence এ 'it is definite' থাকলে Simple sentence এ 'it is definite' এর পরিবর্তে definitely হবে।

Example:
Complex Sentence: It is clear that the project is progressing well.
Simple Sentence: Clearly, the project is progressing well.

Complex Sentence: It was sudden that he lost his mobile.
Simple Sentence: Suddenly, he lost his mobile.

Complex Sentence: It is definite that the event will take place.
Simple Sentence: Definitely, the event will take place.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.

৩৭৭.

Read attentively, or you cannot pass the examination. (make it simple)

ক
Without reading attentively, you can not passed the examination.
খ
If you don't read attentively, you can not pass the examination.
গ
Unless you read attentively, you can not pass the examination.
ঘ
Without reading attentively, you can not pass the examination.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: Without reading attentively, you can not pass the examination.

• Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Simple করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Without বসে +
- প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ হয় +
- ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে +
- Or এর পরিবর্তে (,) বসে +
- দ্বিতীয় বাক্য বসে।
- Structure: Without + verb + ing + Subject + extension.

Other options:
ক) Without reading attentively, you can not passed the examination.
- ভুল কারণ, Modal auxiliary এর পর verb এর Base form বসে।

খ) If you don't read attentively, you can not pass the examination.
- ভুল কারণ, Simple sentence এর পরিবর্তে বাক্যটিকে Complex sentence এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে।

গ) Unless you read attentively, you can not pass the examination.
- ভুল কারণ, Simple sentence এর পরিবর্তে বাক্যটিকে Complex sentence এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৭৮.

If you do not obey the rules, you will be punished. (Compound)

ক
Unless you obey the rules, you will be punished.
খ
Obey the rules or you will be punished.
গ
Unless you obey the rules otherwise you will be punished.
ঘ
Do not obey the rules so you will be punished.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Complex: If you do not obey the rules, you will be punished.
- Compound: Obey the rules or you will be punished.

• Complex Sentence-এর একটি clause যদি if you দ্বারা গঠিত হয় বা if clause হয় তাহলে নিম্নরূপে তাকে compound-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হয়:
i) Complex sentence-টি affirmative বা হ্যাঁ-বোধক হয় তাহলে if you তুলে দিয়ে verb-এর পরে and বসাতে হয়।
ii) Complex sentence-টি negative বা না-বোধক হয় তাহলে if you do not তুলে দিয়ে verb-এর শেষে or বসাতে হয়।
iii) If যুক্ত Clause- Affirmative বা Negative যাই হোক না কেন, If যুক্ত Clause টি Affirmative Imperative হয়ে বসে।

More examples:
- Complex: If you don’t apologize, we won’t forgive you.
- Compound: Apologize or we won’t forgive you.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৩৭৯.

Compound: He opened the book and started reading.
Choose the correct simple sentence:

ক
He opened and he read the book.
খ
Opening the book he started reading.
গ
He was opening the book and started reading.
ঘ
He has opened the book so he started reading.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: খ) Opening the book he started reading.

- Original sentence: He opened the book and started reading.
- এখানে compound sentence-এ দুইটি কাজ ক্রমাগত বা ধারাবাহিকভাবে ঘটছে: প্রথমে "opened the book" এবং তারপর "started reading"।
- Compound sentence-কে simple-এ রূপান্তরের সময় একটিকে Participle phrase হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- নিয়ম অনুসারে, যখন compound sentence-এ দুটি কাজ "and" দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে এবং একটি কাজের পর অন্য কাজ হয়, তখন simple sentence-এ প্রথম verb-এ "ing" যোগ করে প্রথম clause কে সংক্ষিপ্ত (Participle phrase) করা হয়।
- দ্বিতীয় clause একই tense-এ থাকে। তাই, "opened" এর পরিবর্তে "opening" ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- বাক্যটি হয়: Opening the book he started reading.

ভুল অপশনগুলোর ব্যাখ্যা:
ক) He opened and he read the book. → এটা আবার compound sentence, simple নয়।
গ) He was opening the book and started reading. → এটা হচ্ছে একটি mixed tense এবং compound-ই রয়ে গেছে।
ঘ) He has opened the book so he started reading. → এখানে so দ্বারা যুক্ত, অর্থাৎ compound sentence। তাছাড়া tense mismatch আছে।

অতএব, “Opening the book he started reading.” সঠিক simple sentence।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition—HSC Second Paper by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৮০.

None can achieve success unless he works hard. (Make it Simple)

ক
None can achieve success if he does not work hard.
খ
Without working hard, none can achieve success.
গ
By not working hard, none can achieve success.
ঘ
If not working hard, none can achieve success.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence এ Conjunction হিসেবে unless/ if not থাকলে এবং উভয় Clause এ একই Sub থাকলে Simple sentence এ transform করার সময় without + verb + ing ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
সে অনুসারে - "Without working hard, none can achieve success." সঠিক।

৩৮১.

When he was 16, he started his own business. (Make it simple)

ক
At 16 he started his own business.
খ
At the age of 16, he started his own business.
গ
As his age was16, he start his own business.
ঘ
He was at 16, when he start his own business.
ঙ
At the time of 16, he started his own business.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex Sentence: When he was 16, he started his own business.
Simple Sentence: At the age of 16, he started his own business.

• When যুক্ত সময় নির্দেশক Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- When clause এ ছোট সময়/ বয়স/ ঋতুর উল্লেখ থাকলে,
- When উঠে যায় + When এর পরে যে Subject ও Verb থাকে তা উঠে যায় + ছোট সময় বুঝালে at/in বসে, ঋতু থাকলে তার পূর্বে in বসে, বয়সের উল্লেখ থাকলে তার পূর্বে at the age of বসে + পরবর্তী clause অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

Examples:
Complex Sentence: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Simple Sentence: In spring the cuckoo sings.

Complex Sentence: When he was four, he left his village.
Simple Sentence: At the age of four, he left his village.

• অন্যদিকে,
• When দ্বারা সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কাজ চলা বোঝালে তখন,
- At the time of + when যুক্ত অংশের -ing যুক্ত ক্রিয়াটি বসে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Complex: When it was snowing, she went outside.
• Simple: At the time of snowing, she went outside.

৩৮২.

Transform the following sentences as directed. (64-66)
29) If he works hard, I will reward him. (Make it Simple)

ক
By working hard, I will reward him.
খ
In case of working hard, I will reward him.
গ
In case of his working hard, I will reward him.
ঘ
Because of his working hard, I will reward him.

ব্যাখ্যা

Complex Sentence এ If থাকলে Simple Sentence এ সাধারণত by বসে, তবে সেটা তখনই যখন উভয় Clause এ Subject একই থাকে।
Clause দুটিতে Subject ভিন্ন হলে in case of+Subject এর Possessive Form+ Verb+ing বসে।

৩৮৩.

He ran fast so that he might catch the flight. (Transform into Simple Sentence.)

ক
He ran fast to catch the flight.
খ
He ran fast to caught the flight.
গ
He ran fast, catch the flight.
ঘ
He ran fast than catch the flight.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Complex: He ran fast so that he might catch the flight.
- Simple: He ran fast to catch the flight.

• So that যুক্ত complex কে simple করার নিয়ম:

- প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম থেকে so এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বসে,
- so that থেকে many/might/can/could/ পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়,
- to বসে,
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Complex: He worked hard so that he could prosper.
Simple: He worked hard to prosper.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৮৪.

She was ill, but she came for rehearsal. (Simple)

ক
In spite of her illness, she came for rehearsal.
খ
Despite of her illness, she came for rehearsal.
গ
In spite her illness, she came for rehearsal.
ঘ
Despite her illness, she come for rehearsal.

ব্যাখ্যা

♦ Compound to simple:
• But যুক্ত Compound sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তর:
- শুরুতে inspite of/despite বসে।
- person অনুযায়ী possessive form যেমন: my/his/her বসে।
- প্রথম clause এর adjective এর noun form + দ্বিতীয় clause ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Compound: She was ill, but she came for rehearsal.
Simple: In spite of her illness, she came for rehearsal.

৩৮৫.

A simple sentence refers -

ক
ক) Easy to understand.
খ
খ) An one claused sentence.
গ
গ) Small sentence.
ঘ
ঘ) Combination of more than one clause.

ব্যাখ্যা

একটি মাত্র subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite নিয়ে গঠিত sentence কে simple sentence বলে।
যেমন - They play cricket.

৩৮৬.

When it was thundering, the children got scared. (Simple)

ক
At the time of thundering, the children got scared.
খ
It was thundering, the children got scared.
গ
It was thundering, then the children got scared.
ঘ
In the thundering, the children got scared.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex to simple:

• When দ্বারা সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কাজ চলা বোঝালে তখন,
- প্রথমে At the time of বসে।
- when যুক্ত অংশের -ing যুক্ত ক্রিয়াটি বসে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

Complex: When it was raining, Rahi woke up.
Simple: At the time of raining, Rahi woke up.

Complex: When it was thundering, the children got scared.
Simple: At the time of thundering, the children got scared.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৮৭.

The student who is attentive can succeed in life. (make it simple)

ক
A student is attentive can succeed in life.
খ
An attentive student can succeed in life.
গ
The student is attentive and he can shine in life.
ঘ
The attentive student succeed in life.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: An attentive student can succeed in life.

• Relative pronoun যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে the-এর পরিবর্তে a / an বসে +
- relative pronoun এর পরের adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত subject টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত sentence-এর adjective-এর পরের অংশটি বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৩৮৮.

She trained consistently and excelled in her career. (Make it simple)

ক
By training consistently, she excelled in her career.
খ
Because of training consistently, she excelled in her career.
গ
Training consistently, she excelled in her career.
ঘ
All of these are correct.

ব্যাখ্যা

• And যুক্ত compound sentence কে কয়েক ভাবে simple sentence এ পরিবর্তন করা যায় -

• Compound এ and দ্বারা দুটি কাজ যুক্ত থাকলে simple এর শুরুতে প্রথম verb টি + ing হয়।
- যেমন:
Compound: She trained consistently and excelled in her career.
Simple: Training consistently, she excelled in her career.

• অথবা
- Because of + verb + ing হয়।
Compound: She trained consistently and excelled in her career.
Simple: Because of training consistently, she excelled in her career.

• আবার,
- By + verb + ing বসিয়েও simple sentence এ পরিণত করা যায়।
Compound: She trained consistently and excelled in her career.
Simple: By training consistently, she excelled in her career.

Examples:
• Compound sentence - 'He worked hard and prospered in life.
• Simple sentence:
- Working hard, he prospered in life.
- Because of working hard, he prospered in life.
- By working hard, he prospered in life.

৩৮৯.

A child in the first grade tends to be _____ all of the other children in her class.

ক
ক) the same old to
খ
খ) the same age than
গ
গ) as old like
ঘ
ঘ) the same age as

ব্যাখ্যা

Equal comparison-এ the same…...as হয়। সুতরাং সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে - A child in the first grade tends to be the same age as all of the other children in her class.

৩৯০.

Sarah is a baker who is experienced. (Make it simple)

ক
Sarah has been an experienced baker.
খ
Sarah is an experienced baker.
গ
Sarah is not an unexperienced baker.
ঘ
Sarah is being an experienced baker.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex Sentence: Sarah is a baker who is experienced.
• Simple Sentence: Sarah is an experienced baker.

- experienced এর antonym হচ্ছে - inexperienced, unexperienced নয়।

• প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত sentence টি একটি Complex Sentence.
• Subject + Relative Pronoun + Adjective যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Subject বসে +
- relative pronoun (who/which/that) উঠে যায় +
- tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

৩৯১.

Though he has a lot of money, he is not happy. (make it simple)

ক
In spite of he having a lot of money, he is not happy.
খ
Despite of his having a lot of money, he is not happy.
গ
Despite his having a lot of money, he is not happy.
ঘ
Because of his having a lot of money, he is not happy.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Though/ Although Clause এ has/ have/ had থাকলে সে ক্ষেত্রে Complex Sentence কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Though/ Although এর পরিবর্তে Despite/ In Spite of বসে।
- Subject অনুসারে এর Possessive form বসে।
- has/ have/ had এর পরিবর্তে having বসে।
- প্রদত্ত Sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসবে।

• Complex Sentence: Though he has a lot of money, he is not happy.
• Simple Sentence: Despite his having a lot of money, he is not happy.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৯২.

If he does not follow the rules, he will be punished. (simple)

ক
Without following the rule, he will be punished.
খ
When he does not following the rules, he will be punished.
গ
Because of not following the rule, he will be punished.
ঘ
Without following the rules, he will be punished.

ব্যাখ্যা

• If দ্বারা গঠিত শর্তমূলক না বোধক complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়ম :
-প্রথমে without বসে+ ‘if’ clause এর মূল verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয় + ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে+ অপর clause টি বসে।
-Example:
Complex: If you do not read attentively, you will not pass the examination.
Simple: Without reading attentively, you will not pass the examination.

Complex: If he does not follow the rules, he will be punished.
Simple: Without following the rules, he will be punished.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain

৩৯৩.

‘Jumping up he ran away.’ This is an example of-

ক
Complex sentence
খ
Exclamatory sentence
গ
Simple sentence
ঘ
Negative sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

যেসব বাক্যে একটি করে subject ও finite verb থাকে তাদেরকে simple sentence বলে।
উক্ত বাক্যে he হলো sub, ran away হলো verb এবং jumping হলো gerund যা এখানে noun এর কাজ করে।

৩৯৪.

Kamal was four and he left his village. (Make it simple)

ক
ক) At the age of four, he left his village.
খ
খ) When Kamal was four, he left his village.
গ
গ) At the year of four, Kamal left the village.
ঘ
ঘ) At four, Kamal left his village.

ব্যাখ্যা

Compound থেকে Simple করতে হলে:
1. Compound এর Conjunction বাদ দিতে হবে;
2. Simple এর Preposition যোগ করতে হবে;
3. ২টি Clause এর মধ্যে ১টি Clause যেভাবে আছে সেভাবে রেখে দিতে হবে।

সে অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ) At four, Kamal left his village.

ক) অপশনে Noun - ‘Kamal’ উল্লেখ না থাকায় এটি সঠিক নয়।

৩৯৫.

Study hard, or you cannot get a good result. (make it simple)

ক
Without studying hard, you could not get a good result.
খ
If you don't study hard, you cannot get a good result.
গ
Unless you study hard, you cannot get a good result.
ঘ
Without studying hard, you cannot get a good result.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Or যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Simple sentence- এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Without বসে।
- প্রথম বাক্যের মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে।
- Verb এর পরের অংশ বসে।
- or এর পরিবর্তে Comma (,) বসে।
- ২য় senetnce টি বসে।

• Compound Sentence: Study hard, or you cannot get a good result.
• Simple Sentence: Without studying hard, you cannot get a good result.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৯৬.

He is very tired and cannot move. (Make it Simple)

ক
ক) He is so tired in moving.
খ
খ) He is too tired for moving.
গ
গ) He is too tired to move.
ঘ
ঘ) He is very tired to move.

ব্যাখ্যা

too ..... to = এতই যে না
Compound Sentence এ Very ........ and .... not থাকলে Simple Sentence এ too ..... to ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
He is too tired to move. = সে এতই ক্লান্ত যে নড়াচড়া করতে পারবে না।

৩৯৭.

When she was cooking, the doorbell rang. [Simple]

ক
At the time of cooking, the doorbell rang.
খ
While cooking, the doorbell rang.
গ
It is the time of cooking, the doorbell rang.
ঘ
As cooking, the doorbell rang.

ব্যাখ্যা

• When দ্বারা সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কাজ চলা বোঝালে তখন,
- At the time of + when যুক্ত অংশের -ing যুক্ত ক্রিয়াটি বসে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

More examples:
Complex: When it was raining, Rahi woke up.
Simple: At the time of raining, Rahi woke up.

Complex: When she was cooking, the doorbell rang.
Simple: At the time of cooking, the doorbell rang.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৯৮.

Her fever is __________ to ignore.

ক
ক) to much high
খ
খ) high to much
গ
গ) too high
ঘ
ঘ) so high

ব্যাখ্যা

• শূন্যস্থানে সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে - too high.
- Complete sentence: Her fever is too high to ignore.

• Too…..to এই গঠন ব্যবহার হয় 'এতই যে ...... না' অর্থ প্রদান করার জন্য।
- এখানে too high ব্যবহারে ‘অত্যধিক বেশি’ এই অর্থ প্রকাশ পাচ্ছে।

যেমন:
- He is too weak to walk.
- English language is not too difficult to understand.
- The weather is too cold for them to go out.
- Don't worry. English Grammar is not too difficult to understand.

৩৯৯.

He is strong enough to carry the load. This is a/an-

ক
ক) Complex sentence
খ
খ) Compound sentence
গ
গ) Simple sentence
ঘ
ঘ) Imperative sentence

ব্যাখ্যা

একটি মাত্র subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite নিয়ে গঠিত sentence কে simple sentence বলে।
to carry the load - এর মধ্যে কোন Finite Verb নেই, to carry একটি infinitive যা non-finite verb।
তাই পুরো বাক্যের মধ্যে Clause আছে একটি।
সুতরাং এটি Simple Sentence.

৪০০.

Though he was weak, he went to school.
Make it simple-

ক
He was weak and he went to school.
খ
He went to school though he was weak.
গ
Despite his weakness, he went to school.
ঘ
He was weak but he went to school.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: গ) Despite his weakness, he went to school.

• Though / although যুক্ত clause-এ যদি verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) থাকে তাহলে নীচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে simple করতে হয়-

- Though/although-এর পরিবর্তে in spite of বসে,
- সে বাক্যের subject টিকে possessive করতে হয়,
- to be verb (am, is, are, was, were) এর পরিবর্তে being বসে,
- sentence এর বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় বসে।
- inspite of-এর পরিবর্তে despite ব্যবহার করা যায়।
- though / although যুক্ত clause টি sentence-এর দ্বিতীয় অংশে বসলেও verb to be -এর একই নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য।

- to be verb এর পরে যে adjective টি থাকে সে adjective টিকে যদি noun এ রূপান্তর করা হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে being ব্যবহৃত হয় না। adjective কে noun এ রূপান্তরিত করাই শ্রেয়।

Complex: Though he was weak, he went to school.
Simple: Despite / In spite of + his + being weak, he went to school.
Or. Despite / In spite of + his + weakness (weak কে noun-এ রূপান্তরিত করে), he went to school.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.